{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140145906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20079","title":"Predicting States of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions Using Cognitive Load-Related Linguistic Cues","display_name":"Predicting States of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions Using Cognitive Load-Related Linguistic Cues","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140145906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20079"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.20079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20079","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130393371","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130381266","display_name":"Olcay T\u00fcrk","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T\u00fcrk, Olcay","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041478272","display_name":"Angela Grimminger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-9362"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grimminger, Angela","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064912341","display_name":"Hendrik Buschmeier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9613-5713"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130393371"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.42340001463890076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.42340001463890076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.09139999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.044199999421834946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.6086999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.5593000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonverbal-communication","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.4684000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dialogic","display_name":"Dialogic","score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.32910001277923584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6743000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.6086999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.5593000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5214999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.49779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145633318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","level":2,"score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.4684000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778679518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025969","display_name":"Dialogic","level":2,"score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780910867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952416","display_name":"Multimodality","level":2,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148934300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40998","display_name":"Phonology","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11693617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181839","display_name":"Pragmatics","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778638050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421252","display_name":"Explanatory model","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89267518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179488","display_name":"Psycholinguistics","level":3,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.20079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.20079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.773496150970459,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"investigate":[1],"how":[2],"verbal":[3],"and":[4,11,41,54,61,102,125,144],"nonverbal":[5],"linguistic":[6,35,149],"features,":[7],"exhibited":[8],"by":[9,106],"speakers":[10],"listeners":[12,108],"in":[13,24,64],"dialogue,":[14],"can":[15],"contribute":[16],"to":[17,38,43],"predicting":[18],"the":[19,48,58,62,65,75,91,107,147],"listener's":[20,66,92],"state":[21],"of":[22,57,74,78,94,116,135,139],"understanding":[23,140],"explanatory":[25],"interactions":[26],"on":[27,71],"a":[28,110,117,126],"moment-by-moment":[29],"basis.":[30],"Specifically,":[31],"we":[32,84],"examine":[33],"three":[34,148],"cues":[36,88,150],"related":[37],"cognitive":[39],"load":[40],"hypothesised":[42],"correlate":[44],"with":[45,52,90],"listener":[46],"understanding:":[47],"information":[49],"value":[50],"(operationalised":[51],"surprisal)":[53],"syntactic":[55],"complexity":[56],"speaker's":[59],"utterances,":[60],"variation":[63],"interactive":[67],"gaze":[68],"behaviour.":[69],"Based":[70],"statistical":[72],"analyses":[73],"MUNDEX":[76],"corpus":[77],"face-to-face":[79],"dialogic":[80],"board":[81],"game":[82],"explanations,":[83],"find":[85],"that":[86,133],"individual":[87],"vary":[89],"level":[93],"understanding.":[95],"Listener":[96],"states":[97,138],"('Understanding',":[98],"'Partial":[99],"Understanding',":[100],"'Non-Understanding'":[101],"'Misunderstanding')":[103],"were":[104],"self-annotated":[105],"using":[109],"retrospective":[111],"video-recall":[112],"method.":[113],"The":[114],"results":[115],"subsequent":[118],"classification":[119],"experiment,":[120],"involving":[121],"two":[122],"off-the-shelf":[123],"classifiers":[124],"fine-tuned":[127],"German":[128],"BERT-based":[129],"multimodal":[130],"classifier,":[131],"demonstrate":[132],"prediction":[134],"these":[136],"four":[137],"is":[141],"generally":[142],"possible":[143],"improves":[145],"when":[146],"are":[151],"considered":[152],"alongside":[153],"textual":[154],"features.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-24T06:04:31.470712","created_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00"}