{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140084365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.19562","title":"Neural Uncertainty Principle: A Unified View of Adversarial Fragility and LLM Hallucination","display_name":"Neural Uncertainty Principle: A Unified View of Adversarial Fragility and LLM Hallucination","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140084365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.19562"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.19562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.19562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.19562","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126614224","display_name":"Dong-Xiao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Dong-Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130371794","display_name":"Hu Lou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lou, Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130407073","display_name":"Jun-Jie Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Jun-Jie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130402816","display_name":"Jun Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu, Jun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130343139","display_name":"Deyu Meng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng, Deyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.8230000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.8230000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.042100001126527786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.012900000438094139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7439000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6322000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.4975999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sharpening","display_name":"Sharpening","score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identifiability","display_name":"Identifiability","score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragility","display_name":"Fragility","score":0.4325000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33869999647140503}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7439000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6322000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5453000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4975999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781137444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237105","display_name":"Sharpening","level":2,"score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122770356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1656753","display_name":"Identifiability","level":2,"score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80191262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5477668","display_name":"Fragility","level":2,"score":0.4325000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780186347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11414","display_name":"Subnetwork","level":2,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39482219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192826","display_name":"Kronecker delta","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108154423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469792","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.19562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.19562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.19562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.19562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Adversarial":[0],"vulnerability":[1],"in":[2,6,60,111],"vision":[3],"and":[4,34,138,158,168,182,194,200],"hallucination":[5,118,180],"large":[7],"language":[8],"models":[9],"are":[10,38],"conventionally":[11],"viewed":[12],"as":[13,172],"separate":[14,130],"problems,":[15],"each":[16],"addressed":[17],"with":[18],"modality-specific":[19],"patches.":[20],"This":[21],"study":[22],"first":[23],"reveals":[24],"that":[25,59],"they":[26],"share":[27],"a":[28,48,54,94,134,140,173,188],"common":[29],"geometric":[30],"origin:":[31],"the":[32,113,170],"input":[33,156],"its":[35],"loss":[36],"gradient":[37],"conjugate":[39],"observables":[40],"subject":[41],"to":[42,162],"an":[43,88],"irreducible":[44],"uncertainty":[45],"bound.":[46],"Formalizing":[47],"Neural":[49],"Uncertainty":[50],"Principle":[51],"(NUP)":[52],"under":[53],"loss-induced":[55],"state,":[56],"we":[57,151],"find":[58],"near-bound":[61],"regimes,":[62],"further":[63],"compression":[64],"must":[65],"be":[66],"accompanied":[67],"by":[68,87,93,147],"increased":[69],"sensitivity":[70],"dispersion":[71],"(adversarial":[72],"fragility),":[73],"while":[74],"weak":[75],"prompt-gradient":[76],"coupling":[77],"leaves":[78],"generation":[79,201],"under-constrained":[80],"(hallucination).":[81],"Crucially,":[82],"this":[83,148],"bound":[84],"is":[85],"modulated":[86],"input-gradient":[89],"correlation":[90],"channel,":[91],"captured":[92],"specifically":[95],"designed":[96],"single-backward":[97],"probe.":[98],"In":[99],"vision,":[100],"masking":[101],"highly":[102],"coupled":[103],"components":[104],"improves":[105],"robustness":[106,164],"without":[107,165],"costly":[108],"adversarial":[109,166],"training;":[110],"language,":[112],"same":[114],"prefill-stage":[115],"probe":[116,171],"detects":[117],"risk":[119,175],"before":[120],"generating":[121],"any":[122],"answer":[123],"tokens.":[124],"NUP":[125,149,185],"thus":[126,186],"turns":[127],"two":[128],"seemingly":[129],"failure":[131],"taxonomies":[132],"into":[133],"shared":[135],"uncertainty-budget":[136],"view":[137],"provides":[139,187],"principled":[141],"lens":[142],"for":[143,177,192],"reliability":[144],"analysis.":[145],"Guided":[146],"theory,":[150],"propose":[152],"ConjMask":[153],"(masking":[154],"high-contribution":[155],"components)":[157],"LogitReg":[159],"(logit-side":[160],"regularization)":[161],"improve":[163],"training,":[167],"use":[169],"decoding-free":[174],"signal":[176],"LLMs,":[178],"enabling":[179],"detection":[181],"prompt":[183],"selection.":[184],"unified,":[189],"practical":[190],"framework":[191],"diagnosing":[193],"mitigating":[195],"boundary":[196],"anomalies":[197],"across":[198],"perception":[199],"tasks.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00"}