{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140091238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.19281","title":"URAG: A Benchmark for Uncertainty Quantification in Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models","display_name":"URAG: A Benchmark for Uncertainty Quantification in Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140091238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.19281"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.19281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.19281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.19281","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130370946","display_name":"Vinh Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen, Vinh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130329791","display_name":"Cuong Dang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dang, Cuong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130397230","display_name":"Jiahao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Jiahao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130374637","display_name":"Hoa Tran","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tran, Hoa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130389281","display_name":"Minh Tran","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tran, Minh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130326928","display_name":"Trinh Chau","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chau, Trinh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130389270","display_name":"Thai Le","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le, Thai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130327337","display_name":"Lu Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130392169","display_name":"Suhang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Suhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.8025000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.8025000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.03400000184774399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.03370000049471855,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.8208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.6406999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-quantification","display_name":"Uncertainty quantification","score":0.5454000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5453000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.4366999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.3790999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.3562000095844269}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.8208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6937999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.6406999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32230216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7882499","display_name":"Uncertainty quantification","level":2,"score":0.5454000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5453000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5430999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4812999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.4366999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3790999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.3562000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137209882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403517","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177803969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29205","display_name":"Uncertainty analysis","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161","display_name":"Toolbox","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94361409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7882500","display_name":"Uncertainty reduction theory","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.19281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.19281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.19281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.19281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5136857628822327}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Retrieval-Augmented":[0],"Generation":[1],"(RAG)":[2],"has":[3],"emerged":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,49,184],"widely":[7],"adopted":[8],"approach":[9,154],"for":[10,82,187],"enhancing":[11,190],"LLMs":[12],"in":[13],"scenarios":[14],"that":[15,117,163],"demand":[16],"extensive":[17],"factual":[18],"knowledge.":[19],"However,":[20],"current":[21],"RAG":[22,58,97,136,153],"evaluations":[23],"concentrate":[24],"primarily":[25],"on":[26,37,109,200],"correctness,":[27],"which":[28],"may":[29],"not":[30],"fully":[31],"capture":[32],"the":[33,55,91,191],"impact":[34],"of":[35,57,193],"retrieval":[36,131,165],"LLM":[38],"uncertainty":[39,56,84],"and":[40,68,105,111,149,170,179,189],"reliability.":[41],"To":[42],"bridge":[43],"this":[44,127],"gap,":[45],"we":[46],"introduce":[47],"URAG,":[48],"comprehensive":[50],"benchmark":[51,186],"designed":[52],"to":[53,94,139,172],"assess":[54],"systems":[59],"across":[60,158],"various":[61],"fields":[62],"like":[63],"healthcare,":[64],"programming,":[65],"science,":[66],"math,":[67],"general":[69],"text.":[70],"By":[71],"reformulating":[72],"open-ended":[73],"generation":[74],"tasks":[75],"into":[76],"multiple-choice":[77],"question":[78],"answering,":[79],"URAG":[80,182],"allows":[81],"principled":[83],"quantification":[85],"via":[86],"conformal":[87],"prediction.":[88],"We":[89,160],"apply":[90],"evaluation":[92],"pipeline":[93],"8":[95],"standard":[96],"methods,":[98],"measuring":[99],"their":[100],"performance":[101],"through":[102],"both":[103],"accuracy":[104,119],"prediction-set":[106],"sizes":[107],"based":[108],"LAC":[110],"APS":[112],"metrics.":[113],"Our":[114,196],"analysis":[115],"shows":[116],"(1)":[118],"gains":[120],"often":[121],"coincide":[122],"with":[123],"reduced":[124],"uncertainty,":[125],"but":[126],"relationship":[128],"breaks":[129],"under":[130],"noise;":[132],"(2)":[133],"simple":[134],"modular":[135],"methods":[137],"tend":[138],"offer":[140],"better":[141],"accuracy-uncertainty":[142],"trade-offs":[143],"than":[144],"more":[145],"complex":[146],"reasoning":[147],"pipelines;":[148],"(3)":[150],"no":[151],"single":[152],"is":[155,198],"universally":[156],"reliable":[157],"domains.":[159],"further":[161],"show":[162],"(4)":[164],"depth,":[166],"parametric":[167],"knowledge":[168],"dependence,":[169],"exposure":[171],"confidence":[173],"cues":[174],"can":[175],"amplify":[176],"confident":[177],"errors":[178],"hallucinations.":[180],"Ultimately,":[181],"establishes":[183],"systematic":[185],"analyzing":[188],"trustworthiness":[192],"retrieval-augmented":[194],"systems.":[195],"code":[197],"available":[199],"GitHub.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00"}
