{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139912165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18729","title":"Analysis Of Linguistic Stereotypes in Single and Multi-Agent Generative AI Architectures","display_name":"Analysis Of Linguistic Stereotypes in Single and Multi-Agent Generative AI Architectures","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139912165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18729"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.18729","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18729","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130223276","display_name":"Martina Ullasci","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ullasci, Martina","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093494535","display_name":"Marco Rondina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8819-3623"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rondina, Marco","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130248083","display_name":"Riccardo Coppola","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Coppola, Riccardo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002147808","display_name":"Flavio Giobergia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8806-7979"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giobergia, Flavio","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064368587","display_name":"Riccardo Francesco Bellanca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3563-0454"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bellanca, Riccardo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130229024","display_name":"Gabriele Mancari Pasi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pasi, Gabriele Mancari","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130218592","display_name":"Luca Prato","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prato, Luca","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129060089","display_name":"Federico Spinoso","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Spinoso, Federico","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114517523","display_name":"Silvia Tagliente","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tagliente, Silvia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.23430000245571136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.23430000245571136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.07129999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.05829999968409538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replicate","display_name":"Replicate","score":0.5536999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereotype","display_name":"Stereotype (UML)","score":0.4805999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjective","display_name":"Adjective","score":0.447299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarity","display_name":"CLARITY","score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repetition","display_name":"Repetition (rhetorical device)","score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.3156000077724457}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781162219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26250693","display_name":"Replicate","level":2,"score":0.5536999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168127410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754331","display_name":"Stereotype (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4805999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777683214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34698","display_name":"Adjective","level":3,"score":0.447299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4251999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776141515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1274479","display_name":"Repetition (rhetorical device)","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37290000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780922921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255189","display_name":"Paraphrase","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778177712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37707","display_name":"Haiku","level":3,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019921246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104853310","display_name":"Differential effects","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542774811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10880526","display_name":"Prosody","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.18729","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.18729","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6622136831283569}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"works":[1],"in":[2,19,42,62,95,122,146,163,169,224,233,237],"the":[3,17,21,35,67,120,123,142,158,167,185,196,248,253],"literature":[4],"show":[5,127],"that":[6,128,201],"LLM":[7,63,226],"outputs":[8,64,136],"exhibit":[9],"discriminatory":[10],"behaviour,":[11],"triggering":[12],"stereotype-based":[13],"inferences":[14],"based":[15],"on":[16],"dialect":[18,97],"which":[20,96],"inputs":[22,37],"are":[23,38,231],"written.":[24],"This":[25],"bias":[26,98,121],"has":[27],"been":[28],"shown":[29],"to":[30,40,91,118,175,242,255],"be":[31,176],"particularly":[32],"pronounced":[33],"when":[34],"same":[36],"provided":[39],"LLMs":[41],"Standard":[43],"American":[44],"English":[45,49],"(SAE)":[46],"and":[47,65,76,79,106,134,148,166,215,235,244,251],"African-American":[48],"(AAE).":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"we":[54],"replicate":[55],"existing":[56],"analyses":[57],"of":[58,69,83,187,212],"dialect-sensitive":[59],"stereotype":[60],"generation":[61],"investigate":[66],"effects":[68,144],"mitigation":[70,179,193,213],"strategies,":[71,214],"including":[72],"prompt":[73,89],"engineering":[74],"(role-based":[75],"Chain-Of-Thought":[77,172],"prompting)":[78],"multi-agent":[80,189],"architectures":[81,220],"composed":[82],"generate-critique-revise":[84],"models.":[85,197],"We":[86,113],"define":[87],"eight":[88],"templates":[90],"analyse":[92],"different":[93,256],"ways":[94],"can":[99,240],"manifest,":[100],"such":[101],"as":[102],"suggested":[103],"names,":[104],"jobs,":[105],"adjectives":[107],"for":[108,181,202],"SAE":[109],"or":[110,258],"AAE":[111],"speakers.":[112],"use":[114,186],"an":[115,177],"LLM-as-judge":[116],"approach":[117],"evaluate":[119],"results.":[124],"Our":[125],"results":[126,230],"stereotype-bearing":[129],"differences":[130],"emerge":[131],"between":[132],"SAE-":[133],"AAE-related":[135],"across":[137,194],"all":[138,195],"template":[139],"categories,":[140],"with":[141,157],"strongest":[143],"observed":[145,162],"adjective":[147],"job":[149],"attribution.":[150],"Baseline":[151],"disparities":[152],"vary":[153],"substantially":[154],"by":[155,246],"model,":[156],"largest":[159],"SAE-AAE":[160],"differential":[161],"Claude":[164,182],"Haiku":[165],"smallest":[168],"Phi-4":[170],"Mini.":[171],"prompting":[173],"proved":[174],"effective":[178],"strategy":[180],"Haiku,":[183],"whereas":[184],"a":[188],"architecture":[190],"ensured":[191],"consistent":[192],"These":[198],"findings":[199],"suggest":[200],"intersectionality-informed":[203],"software":[204],"engineering,":[205],"fairness":[206],"evaluation":[207],"should":[208],"include":[209],"model-specific":[210],"validation":[211],"workflow-level":[216],"controls":[217],"(e.g.,":[218],"agentic":[219],"involving":[221],"critique":[222],"models)":[223],"high-impact":[225],"deployments.":[227],"The":[228],"current":[229],"exploratory":[232],"nature":[234],"limited":[236],"scope,":[238],"but":[239],"lead":[241],"extensions":[243],"replications":[245],"increasing":[247],"dataset":[249],"size":[250],"applying":[252],"procedure":[254],"languages":[257],"dialects.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-21T00:00:00"}
