{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139941411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18677","title":"Cognitive Amplification vs Cognitive Delegation in Human-AI Systems: A Metric Framework","display_name":"Cognitive Amplification vs Cognitive Delegation in Human-AI Systems: A Metric Framework","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139941411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18677"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.18677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18677","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109613184","display_name":"E. Santi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Di Santi, Eduardo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109613184"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.3165000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.3165000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.1363999992609024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.03920000046491623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.70660001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-ergonomics","display_name":"Cognitive ergonomics","score":0.5629000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5238999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-model","display_name":"Cognitive model","score":0.45969998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-intelligence","display_name":"Human intelligence","score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.3366999924182892}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.70660001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5968999862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35064395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093494","display_name":"Cognitive ergonomics","level":4,"score":0.5629000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5238999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161407221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939","display_name":"Cognitive model","level":3,"score":0.45969998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86532276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184065","display_name":"Delegation","level":2,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780898871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Performance metric","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192327766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038799","display_name":"Cognitive robotics","level":3,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170494330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778434","display_name":"Cognitive map","level":3,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92298750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008161","display_name":"Cognitive computing","level":3,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.18677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.18677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"is":[2,51],"increasingly":[3],"embedded":[4],"in":[5,135,156,248],"human":[6,14,39,44,63,126,132,175,216,243,254],"decision":[7],"making.":[8],"In":[9,16],"some":[10],"cases,":[11],"it":[12,18],"enhances":[13],"reasoning.":[15],"others,":[17],"fosters":[19],"excessive":[20],"cognitive":[21,33,47,145],"dependence.":[22],"This":[23],"paper":[24],"introduces":[25],"a":[26,237,249],"conceptual":[27],"and":[28,91,109,142,162,165,181,220],"mathematical":[29],"framework":[30,150,234],"to":[31,54],"distinguish":[32,170],"amplification,":[34],"where":[35,49],"AI":[36,40,56,104,133,172,188,244],"improves":[37,214],"hybrid":[38,107,140],"performance":[41,141],"while":[42,190],"preserving":[43,176],"expertise,":[45],"from":[46],"delegation,":[48,174],"reasoning":[50],"progressively":[52],"outsourced":[53],"the":[55,70,82,86,99,103,106,110,119,149,187,207],"system,":[57],"risking":[58],"long":[59,143],"term":[60,144],"atrophy":[61,166,208,213,226],"of":[62,102,124,137],"capabilities.":[64],"We":[65,147],"define":[66],"four":[67],"operational":[68],"metrics:":[69],"Cognitive":[71,112],"Amplification":[72],"Index,":[73,94],"or":[74,89,95,115,122],"CAI":[75],"star,":[76],"which":[77,97,117],"measures":[78],"collaborative":[79,218,231],"gain":[80],"beyond":[81],"best":[83],"standalone":[84],"agent;":[85],"Dependency":[87],"Ratio,":[88],"D,":[90],"Human":[92,111],"Reliance":[93],"HRI,":[96],"quantify":[98],"structural":[100],"dominance":[101],"within":[105],"output;":[108],"Drift":[113],"Rate,":[114],"HCDR,":[116],"captures":[118],"temporal":[120],"erosion":[121],"maintenance":[123],"autonomous":[125],"performance.":[127],"Together,":[128],"these":[129],"quantities":[130],"characterize":[131],"systems":[134,245],"terms":[136],"both":[138],"immediate":[139],"sustainability.":[146],"validate":[148],"through":[151],"an":[152],"agent":[153],"based":[154],"simulation":[155],"NetLogo":[157],"across":[158],"three":[159],"reliance":[160],"regimes":[161,184],"multiple":[163],"dependency":[164,221],"configurations.":[167],"The":[168,233],"results":[169],"degenerate":[171],"dominated":[173],"but":[177,223],"weakly":[178],"competitive":[179],"interaction,":[180],"intermediate":[182],"boundary":[183],"that":[185,211,251],"approach":[186],"baseline":[189],"remaining":[191],"structurally":[192],"dependent.":[193],"Across":[194],"all":[195],"tested":[196],"configurations,":[197],"no":[198],"regime":[199],"achieves":[200],"genuine":[201],"amplification.":[202],"A":[203],"constrained":[204],"optimization":[205],"over":[206,256],"parameter":[209],"shows":[210],"reducing":[212],"retained":[215],"capability,":[217],"gain,":[219],"structure,":[222],"even":[224],"zero":[225],"does":[227],"not":[228],"yield":[229],"positive":[230],"gain.":[232],"therefore":[235],"provides":[236],"practical":[238],"tool":[239],"for":[240],"evaluating":[241],"whether":[242],"perform":[246],"well":[247],"way":[250],"also":[252],"preserves":[253],"capability":[255],"time.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-25T06:01:18.069262","created_date":"2026-03-21T00:00:00"}