{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139961793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18161","title":"How LLMs Distort Our Written Language","display_name":"How LLMs Distort Our Written Language","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139961793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18161"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.18161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18161","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084881611","display_name":"Marwa Abdulhai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulhai, Marwa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130239556","display_name":"Isadora White","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"White, Isadora","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130213871","display_name":"Yanming Wan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wan, Yanming","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130218957","display_name":"Ibrahim Qureshi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qureshi, Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130225653","display_name":"Joel Leibo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leibo, Joel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085800442","display_name":"Max Weiner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8232-6877"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kleiman-Weiner, Max","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046953322","display_name":"Natasha Jaques","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8413-9469"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaques, Natasha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.2554999887943268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.2554999887943268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.2475000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.11150000244379044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"Readability","score":0.6234999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarity","display_name":"CLARITY","score":0.5938000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.49709999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/written-language","display_name":"Written language","score":0.49480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tone","display_name":"Tone (literature)","score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plain-language","display_name":"Plain language","score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.3894999921321869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.6234999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.5938000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.49709999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780790391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149626","display_name":"Written language","level":2,"score":0.49480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780583480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366327","display_name":"Tone (literature)","level":2,"score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777083192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814648","display_name":"Plain language","level":2,"score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.3894999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168725872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q991663","display_name":"Sophistication","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.34860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987496018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860","display_name":"English language","level":2,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779824158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194697","display_name":"Passive voice","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138368954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215028","display_name":"Peer review","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776230583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322198","display_name":"Spoken language","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105152847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5021685","display_name":"Call to action","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.18161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.18161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8940432071685791}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4,153,225],"used":[5],"by":[6],"over":[7],"a":[8,45,71,104,171,198,226,232],"billion":[9],"people":[10,52],"globally,":[11],"most":[12],"often":[13],"to":[14,49,70,126,160],"assist":[15],"with":[16,55,155],"writing.":[17,61],"In":[18],"this":[19],"work,":[20],"we":[21,43,120],"demonstrate":[22],"that":[23,65,77,91,109,149,173,205],"LLMs":[24,56,152],"not":[25,98],"only":[26,161],"alter":[27,38],"the":[28,39,82,92,115,128,132,136,142,168,185,190,217,235,247],"voice":[29],"and":[30,97,145,158,214,219,241,264],"tone":[31],"of":[32,106,118,192,216,238,249],"human":[33,46,250],"writing,":[34,251],"but":[35],"also":[36],"consistently":[37],"intended":[40],"meaning.":[41,146,178],"First,":[42],"conduct":[44],"user":[47],"study":[48,121],"understand":[50],"how":[51,122,256],"actually":[53],"interact":[54],"when":[57,151],"using":[58,103],"them":[59],"for":[60],"Our":[62],"findings":[63,230],"reveal":[64],"extensive":[66],"LLM":[67,88,125],"use":[68,240],"led":[69],"nearly":[72],"70%":[73],"increase":[74],"in":[75,80,99,112,135,141,170,184],"essays":[76,108],"remained":[78],"neutral":[79],"answering":[81],"topic":[83],"question.":[84],"Significantly":[85],"more":[86],"heavy":[87],"users":[89],"reported":[90],"writing":[93,259],"was":[94,110],"less":[95,210],"creative":[96],"their":[100],"voice.":[101],"Next,":[102],"dataset":[105,137],"human-written":[107,133],"collected":[111],"2021":[113],"before":[114],"widespread":[116,257],"release":[117],"LLMs,":[119],"asking":[123],"an":[124,242],"revise":[127],"essay":[129],"based":[130],"on":[131,189,212,223,246,255],"feedback":[134,157],"induces":[138],"large":[139],"changes":[140],"resulting":[143],"content":[144],"We":[147,179,203],"find":[148,204],"even":[150],"prompted":[154],"expert":[156],"asked":[159],"make":[162],"grammar":[163],"edits,":[164],"they":[165],"still":[166],"change":[167],"text":[169,183],"way":[172],"significantly":[174,209],"alters":[175],"its":[176],"semantic":[177],"then":[180],"examine":[181],"LLM-generated":[182,206],"wild,":[186],"specifically":[187],"focusing":[188],"21%":[191],"AI-generated":[193],"scientific":[194,265],"peer":[195],"reviews":[196,207],"at":[197],"recent":[199],"top":[200],"AI":[201,239,258],"conference.":[202],"place":[208],"weight":[211],"clarity":[213],"significance":[215],"research,":[218],"assign":[220],"scores":[221],"that,":[222],"average,":[224],"full":[227],"point":[228],"higher.These":[229],"highlight":[231],"misalignment":[233],"between":[234],"perceived":[236],"benefit":[237],"implicit,":[243],"consistent":[244],"effect":[245],"semantics":[248],"motivating":[252],"future":[253],"work":[254],"will":[260],"affect":[261],"our":[262],"cultural":[263],"institutions.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-21T00:00:00"}