{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138997587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17639","title":"VeriGrey: Greybox Agent Validation","display_name":"VeriGrey: Greybox Agent Validation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138997587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17639"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.17639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17639","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102920981","display_name":"Yuntong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1664-7110"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Yuntong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129783554","display_name":"Sungmin Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang, Sungmin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053022213","display_name":"Ruijie Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4323-6271"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng, Ruijie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129792952","display_name":"Marcel B\u00f6hme","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B\u00f6hme, Marcel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060115298","display_name":"Abhik Roychoudhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7127-1137"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roychoudhury, Abhik","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.36320000886917114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.36320000886917114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.0917000025510788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.07259999960660934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5990999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzz-testing","display_name":"Fuzz testing","score":0.415800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-agent","display_name":"Autonomous agent","score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unexpected-events","display_name":"Unexpected events","score":0.3375000059604645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6377999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5990999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4496000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.415800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13687954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826847","display_name":"Autonomous agent","level":2,"score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38519999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776544517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Unexpected events","level":2,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74072328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142726","display_name":"Intelligent agent","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501734568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42918","display_name":"Mutation","level":3,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.17639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.17639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8055817484855652,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Agentic":[0],"AI":[1],"has":[2],"been":[3],"a":[4,61,85,142,154,174,216,263],"topic":[5],"of":[6,81,129,145,262],"great":[7],"interest":[8],"recently.":[9],"A":[10],"Large":[11],"Language":[12],"Model":[13],"(LLM)":[14],"agent":[15,104,131,148,188,218,277],"involves":[16],"one":[17],"or":[18],"more":[19],"LLMs":[20],"in":[21,72,109,167],"the":[22,25,34,49,79,90,110,127,130,138,147,158,184,192,244,260],"back-end.":[23,176],"In":[24,56,212],"front":[26],"end,":[27],"it":[28],"conducts":[29],"autonomous":[30,46],"decision-making":[31],"by":[32,40,125,209,214],"combining":[33],"LLM":[35,73,246,256],"outputs":[36],"with":[37,48,153,173,183],"results":[38],"obtained":[39],"invoking":[41],"several":[42,201],"external":[43,50],"tools.":[44],"The":[45],"interactions":[47],"environment":[51],"introduce":[52],"critical":[53],"security":[54,70],"risks.":[55],"this":[57],"paper,":[58],"we":[59,113],"present":[60],"grey-box":[62],"approach":[63,76,152,265],"to":[64,88,116,132,229,268,272,275],"explore":[65],"diverse":[66],"behaviors":[67],"and":[68,191,248,271],"uncover":[69,95],"risks":[71],"agents.":[74],"Our":[75],"VeriGrey":[77,162,197,226,267],"uses":[78],"sequence":[80],"tools":[82],"invoked":[83],"as":[84,224],"feedback":[86],"function":[87],"drive":[89],"testing":[91,111,223],"process.":[92],"This":[93,121,258],"helps":[94],"infrequent":[96],"but":[97],"dangerous":[98],"tool":[99],"invocations":[100],"that":[101,137,204],"cause":[102],"unexpected":[103],"behavior.":[105],"As":[106],"mutation":[107],"operators":[108],"process,":[112],"mutate":[114],"prompts":[115,199],"design":[117],"pernicious":[118],"injection":[119,134,139,171],"prompts.":[120],"is":[122,227],"carefully":[123],"accomplished":[124],"linking":[126],"task":[128,140],"an":[133,276],"task,":[135],"so":[136],"becomes":[141],"necessary":[143],"step":[144],"completing":[146],"functionality.":[149],"Comparing":[150],"our":[151],"black-box":[155,210],"baseline":[156],"on":[157,243,253],"well-known":[159,193],"AgentDojo":[160],"benchmark,":[161],"achieves":[163],"33%":[164],"additional":[165],"efficacy":[166],"finding":[168],"indirect":[169],"prompt":[170],"vulnerabilities":[172],"GPT-4.1":[175],"We":[177],"also":[178],"conduct":[179],"real-world":[180],"case":[181],"studies":[182],"widely":[185],"used":[186],"coding":[187],"Gemini":[189],"CLI,":[190],"OpenClaw":[194],"personal":[195],"assistant.":[196],"finds":[198],"inducing":[200],"attack":[202],"scenarios":[203],"could":[205],"not":[206],"be":[207],"identified":[208],"approaches.":[211],"OpenClaw,":[213],"constructing":[215],"conversation":[217],"which":[219],"employs":[220],"mutational":[221],"fuzz":[222],"needed,":[225],"able":[228],"discover":[230],"malicious":[231,236],"skill":[232],"variants":[233],"from":[234],"10":[235],"skills":[237],"(with":[238],"10/10=":[239],"100%":[240],"success":[241,251],"rate":[242,252],"Kimi-K2.5":[245],"backend,":[247],"9/10=":[249],"90%":[250],"Opus":[254],"4.6":[255],"backend).":[257],"demonstrates":[259],"value":[261],"dynamic":[264],"like":[266],"test":[269],"agents,":[270],"eventually":[273],"lead":[274],"assurance":[278],"framework.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}