{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138856357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17497","title":"From Optimizable to Interactable: Mixed Digital Twin-Empowered Testing of Vehicle-Infrastructure Cooperation Systems","display_name":"From Optimizable to Interactable: Mixed Digital Twin-Empowered Testing of Vehicle-Infrastructure Cooperation Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138856357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17497"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.17497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17497","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051555464","display_name":"Jianghong Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-7158"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong, Jianghong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023381211","display_name":"Chunying Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Chunying","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023245848","display_name":"Mengchi Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8681-7067"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cai, Mengchi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130092009","display_name":"Chaoyi Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Chaoyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129824269","display_name":"Qing Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Qing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129929726","display_name":"Jianqiang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Jianqiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130055070","display_name":"Keqiang Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Keqiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.26499998569488525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.26499998569488525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.14270000159740448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.10339999943971634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complement","display_name":"Complement (music)","score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-testing","display_name":"System testing","score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-testing","display_name":"Materials testing","score":0.28839999437332153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4927000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7166840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199682","display_name":"System testing","level":2,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988617437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6627318","display_name":"Materials testing","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188598960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705805","display_name":"Test strategy","level":3,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.17497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.17497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4780179560184479}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sufficient":[0],"testing":[1,26,64,93,113],"under":[2,27,114],"corner":[3,28,98,115],"cases":[4,29,99],"is":[5,30],"critical":[6],"for":[7,70],"the":[8,45,53,92,105,132],"long-term":[9],"operation":[10],"of":[11],"vehicle-infrastructure":[12,73],"cooperation":[13],"systems":[14],"(VICS).":[15],"However,":[16],"existing":[17],"corner-case":[18],"generation":[19],"methods":[20],"are":[21,145],"primarily":[22],"AI-driven,":[23],"and":[24,87,120,137],"VICS":[25,46,63,81,112],"typically":[31],"limited":[32],"to":[33,44],"simulation.":[34,126],"In":[35],"this":[36],"paper,":[37],"we":[38,128],"introduce":[39],"an":[40,61],"L5":[41],"''Interactable''":[42],"level":[43],"digital":[47],"twin":[48],"(VICS-DT)":[49],"taxonomy,":[50],"extending":[51],"beyond":[52],"conventional":[54],"L4":[55],"''Optimizable''":[56],"level.":[57],"We":[58],"further":[59],"propose":[60],"L5-level":[62],"framework,":[65],"IMPACT":[66,83,130],"(Interactive":[67,134],"Mixed-digital-twin":[68],"Paradigm":[69],"Advanced":[71],"Cooperative":[72],"Testing).":[74],"By":[75],"enabling":[76],"direct":[77],"human":[78,89],"interactions":[79],"with":[80],"entities,":[82],"incorporates":[84],"highly":[85],"uncertain":[86],"unpredictable":[88],"behaviors":[90],"into":[91],"loop,":[94],"naturally":[95],"generating":[96],"high-quality":[97],"that":[100],"complement":[101],"AI-based":[102],"methods.":[103],"Furthermore,":[104],"mixedDT-enabled":[106],"''Physical-Virtual":[107],"Action":[108],"Interaction''":[109],"facilitates":[110],"safe":[111],"cases,":[116],"incorporating":[117],"real-world":[118],"environments":[119],"entities":[121],"rather":[122],"than":[123],"purely":[124],"in":[125],"Finally,":[127],"implement":[129],"on":[131],"I-VIT":[133],"Vehicle-Infrastructure":[135],"Testbed),":[136],"experiments":[138],"demonstrate":[139],"its":[140],"effectiveness.":[141],"The":[142],"experimental":[143],"videos":[144],"available":[146],"at":[147],"our":[148],"project":[149],"website:":[150],"https://dongjh20.github.io/IMPACT.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}