{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138834575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.15699","title":"This Is Taking Too Long -- Investigating Time as a Proxy for Energy Consumption of LLMs","display_name":"This Is Taking Too Long -- Investigating Time as a Proxy for Energy Consumption of LLMs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138834575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.15699"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.15699","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.15699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.15699","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075317929","display_name":"Lars Krupp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6294-2915"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krupp, Lars","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063788979","display_name":"Daniel Gei\u00dfler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2643-4504"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gei\u00dfler, Daniel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028842593","display_name":"Francisco M. Calatrava-Nicol\u00e1s","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-4215"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Calatrava-Nicolas, Francisco M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130057217","display_name":"Vishal Banwari","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Banwari, Vishal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129929697","display_name":"Paul Lukowicz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukowicz, Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049476736","display_name":"Jakob Karolus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0698-7470"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karolus, Jakob","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.14000000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.14000000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.11599999666213989,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.10670000314712524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.7936999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6388000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5152999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumption","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-cost","display_name":"Energy cost","score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-expenditure","display_name":"Energy expenditure","score":0.33160001039505005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7936999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6388000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5152999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.48750001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.47450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019966295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341368","display_name":"Energy cost","level":2,"score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988147884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5377024","display_name":"Energy expenditure","level":2,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131046424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1805337","display_name":"Energy policy","level":3,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780331096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24965464","display_name":"Energy modeling","level":3,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983177510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1853339","display_name":"Energy demand","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520301825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380170","display_name":"Energy conservation","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132853815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341254","display_name":"Energy accounting","level":3,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103382277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282640","display_name":"General equilibrium theory","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.15699","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.15699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.15699","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.15699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6581196784973145}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"energy":[1,25,70,85,108,121],"consumption":[2],"of":[3,72,123],"Large":[4],"Language":[5],"Models":[6],"(LLMs)":[7],"is":[8],"raising":[9],"growing":[10],"concerns":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,30,53,66,99,114],"their":[14],"adverse":[15],"effects":[16],"on":[17,49],"environmental":[18],"stability":[19],"and":[20],"resource":[21],"use.":[22],"Yet,":[23],"these":[24],"costs":[26,71,122],"remain":[27],"largely":[28],"opaque":[29],"users,":[31],"especially":[32,126],"when":[33],"models":[34,102],"are":[35],"accessed":[36],"through":[37],"an":[38],"API":[39],"--":[40],"a":[41,64],"black":[42],"box":[43],"in":[44],"which":[45],"all":[46],"information":[47],"depends":[48],"what":[50],"providers":[51],"choose":[52],"disclose.":[54],"In":[55],"this":[56],"work,":[57],"we":[58],"investigate":[59],"inference":[60],"time":[61,95],"measurements":[62,86,96],"as":[63],"proxy":[65],"approximate":[67],"the":[68,119],"associated":[69,120],"API-based":[73,104,124],"LLMs.":[74],"We":[75],"ground":[76],"our":[77,81,107],"approach":[78],"by":[79],"comparing":[80],"estimations":[82],"with":[83],"actual":[84],"from":[87],"locally":[88],"hosted":[89],"equivalents.":[90],"Our":[91,111],"results":[92],"show":[93],"that":[94],"allow":[97],"us":[98],"infer":[100],"GPU":[101],"for":[103,117,127],"LLMs,":[105,125],"grounding":[106],"cost":[109],"estimations.":[110],"work":[112],"aims":[113],"create":[115],"means":[116],"understanding":[118],"end":[128],"users.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}