{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138004614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.15344","title":"Unsupervised Cross-Protocol Anomaly Analysis in Mobile Core Networks via Multi-Embedding Models Consensus","display_name":"Unsupervised Cross-Protocol Anomaly Analysis in Mobile Core Networks via Multi-Embedding Models Consensus","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138004614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.15344"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.15344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.15344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.15344","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079315279","display_name":"Aayush Garg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2507-8846"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Garg, Aayush","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129701437","display_name":"Orlando Amaral Cejas","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cejas, Orlando Amaral","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.2623000144958496,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.2623000144958496,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.15629999339580536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.09470000118017197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5751000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.5066999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-data","display_name":"Synthetic data","score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","score":0.4713999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.4514999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.43050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.3582000136375427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5751000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5564000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.5066999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.4713999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.4514999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.43050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.3582000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70061542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989016","display_name":"Distributed database","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.15344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.15344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.15344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.15344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5420463681221008,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"core":[1],"networks":[2],"rely":[3],"on":[4,54],"several":[5,82],"signalling":[6],"protocols":[7],"in":[8,212],"parallel,":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11,77,107],"SS7,":[12,59],"Diameter,":[13,60],"and":[14,38,61,84,186,202],"GTP,":[15],"so":[16],"many":[17],"security-relevant":[18],"problems":[19],"become":[20],"visible":[21],"only":[22,150],"when":[23],"their":[24],"interactions":[25],"are":[26,41,142,177,192],"analyzed":[27],"jointly.":[28],"At":[29],"the":[30,99,133,169,218],"same":[31],"time,":[32],"labeled":[33],"examples":[34],"of":[35,101,126,179,220,229],"real":[36],"attacks":[37],"cross-protocol":[39,51,231],"misconfigurations":[40],"scarce,":[42],"which":[43],"complicates":[44],"supervised":[45],"detection.":[46,88],"We":[47,89],"therefore":[48],"study":[49],"unsupervised":[50,86],"anomaly":[52,87],"analysis":[53],"fused":[55,72,134,139],"representations":[56],"that":[57,104,171],"combine":[58],"GTP":[62],"signalling.":[63],"For":[64,109],"each":[65,75,92],"subscriber,":[66],"we":[67,111],"aggregate":[68],"messages":[69],"into":[70],"per-minute":[71],"records,":[73,127,140,165,185],"serialize":[74],"record":[76,93,174],"text,":[78],"embed":[79],"it":[80,106],"with":[81,163,194,207],"models,":[83],"apply":[85],"then":[90],"assign":[91],"a":[94,122,172,225],"consensus":[95,159,222],"score":[96],"equal":[97],"to":[98,223],"number":[100],"embedding":[102,213],"models":[103],"flag":[105],"anomalous.":[108],"evaluation,":[110],"generate":[112],"cross-protocol-plausible":[113],"synthetic":[114,164,176,201],"anomalies":[115],"by":[116,144],"swapping":[117],"one":[118,147],"field":[119],"group":[120],"at":[121,145],"time":[123],"between":[124,200],"pairs":[125],"preserving":[128],"per-message":[129],"validity":[130],"while":[131],"making":[132],"view":[135],"contradictory.":[136],"On":[137],"219,294":[138],"44.15%":[141],"flagged":[143,173,190],"least":[146],"model,":[148],"but":[149],"0.97%":[151],"reach":[152],"full":[153],"agreement":[154],"across":[155],"all":[156,189],"six.":[157],"Higher":[158],"is":[160,175],"strongly":[161],"associated":[162],"where":[166],"for":[167,183,187,233],"k=1-4":[168],"odds":[170],"hundreds":[178],"times":[180],"greater":[181],"than":[182],"original":[184,203],"k>=5":[188],"records":[191,204],"synthetic,":[193],"extremely":[195],"small":[196],"p-values.":[197],"Cosine":[198],"distances":[199],"also":[205],"increase":[206],"consensus,":[208],"suggesting":[209],"clearer":[210],"separation":[211],"space.":[214],"These":[215],"results":[216],"support":[217],"use":[219],"multi-embedding":[221],"prioritize":[224],"much":[226],"smaller":[227],"set":[228],"candidate":[230],"inconsistencies":[232],"further":[234],"inspection.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}