{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138208648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.14838","title":"The Impact of Ideological Discourses in RAG: A Case Study with COVID-19 Treatments","display_name":"The Impact of Ideological Discourses in RAG: A Case Study with COVID-19 Treatments","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138208648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.14838"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.14838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.14838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.14838","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120006173","display_name":"Elmira Salari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39587148","display_name":"Wichita State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00c4e7y75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39587148"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salari, Elmira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wichita State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wichita State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39587148"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071679926","display_name":"Maria Cl\u00e1udia Nunes Delfino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1976-8725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98466806","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/00sfmx060","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98466806"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Delfino, Maria Claudia Nunes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de S\u00e3o Paulo"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de S\u00e3o Paulo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98466806"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120006172","display_name":"Hazem Amamou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7998-9096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089144","display_name":"Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST)","ror":"https://ror.org/00675rp98","country_code":"MA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089144"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amamou, Hazem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut national de la recherche scientifique"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut national de la recherche scientifique","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064657353","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Victor de Souza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4587-4073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089144","display_name":"Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST)","ror":"https://ror.org/00675rp98","country_code":"MA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089144"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"de Souza, Jos\u00e9 Victor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut national de la recherche scientifique"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut national de la recherche scientifique","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129688332","display_name":"Shruti Kshirsagar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39587148","display_name":"Wichita State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00c4e7y75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39587148"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kshirsagar, Shruti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wichita State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wichita State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39587148"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055388091","display_name":"Alan Davoust","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3423-0942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33217400","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais","ror":"https://ror.org/011pqxa69","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33217400","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davoust, Alan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33217400"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009407218","display_name":"Anderson R. Avila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3088-5116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089144","display_name":"Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST)","ror":"https://ror.org/00675rp98","country_code":"MA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089144"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avila, Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut national de la recherche scientifique"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut national de la recherche scientifique","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120006173"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39587148"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.2628999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.2628999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.18809999525547028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.06270000338554382,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ideology","display_name":"Ideology","score":0.9666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6074000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.39419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-discourse-analysis","display_name":"Critical discourse analysis","score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-ideology","display_name":"Language ideology","score":0.358599990606308}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.9666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6074000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.5687000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.43070000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.415800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.39419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779030433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1789511","display_name":"Critical discourse analysis","level":4,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776393759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6486741","display_name":"Language ideology","level":4,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112252918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663776","display_name":"Systematic ideology","level":4,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776889888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135789","display_name":"Unintended consequences","level":2,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84389358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129466","display_name":"Discourse analysis","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.14838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.14838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.14838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.14838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5959931015968323}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"studies":[2],"the":[3,10,36,76,92,95,117,120,127,130,170,174,178,188,195,209],"impact":[4],"of":[5,12,38,112,190,211,214],"retrieved":[6,164],"ideological":[7,54,107,124,132,141,163,192,205],"texts":[8,56,142,165],"on":[9,53,64,85,162],"outputs":[11],"large":[13],"language":[14],"models":[15],"(LLMs).":[16],"While":[17],"interest":[18],"in":[19,22,35,173,198],"understanding":[20],"ideology":[21,171],"LLMs":[23,97],"has":[24,29],"recently":[25],"increased,":[26],"little":[27],"attention":[28],"been":[30],"given":[31],"to":[32,90,100,200],"this":[33,44],"issue":[34],"context":[37],"Retrieval-Augmented":[39],"Generation":[40],"(RAG).":[41],"To":[42],"fill":[43],"gap,":[45],"we":[46],"design":[47],"an":[48],"external":[49,175],"knowledge":[50],"source":[51],"based":[52,63,84,161],"loaded":[55],"about":[57,70],"COVID-19":[58],"treatments.":[59],"Our":[60,185],"corpus":[61,81],"is":[62,146],"1,117":[65],"academic":[66],"articles":[67],"representing":[68],"discourses":[69,193],"controversial":[71],"and":[72,109,123,126,134,143,153],"endorsed":[73],"treatments":[74],"for":[75,151],"disease.":[77],"We":[78],"propose":[79],"a":[80],"linguistics":[82],"framework,":[83],"Lexical":[86],"Multidimensional":[87],"Analysis":[88],"(LMDA),":[89],"identify":[91],"ideologies":[93],"within":[94,194],"corpus.":[96],"are":[98,115,166],"tasked":[99],"answer":[101],"questions":[102],"derived":[103],"from":[104],"three":[105],"identified":[106],"dimensions,":[108],"two":[110],"types":[111],"contextual":[113],"prompts":[114],"adopted:":[116],"first":[118],"comprises":[119],"user":[121],"question":[122],"texts;":[125],"second":[128],"contains":[129],"question,":[131],"texts,":[133],"LMDA":[135],"descriptions.":[136],"Ideological":[137],"alignment":[138],"between":[139],"reference":[140],"LLMs'":[144,159,183],"responses":[145,160],"assessed":[147],"using":[148],"cosine":[149],"similarity":[150],"lexical":[152],"semantic":[154],"representations.":[155],"Results":[156],"demonstrate":[157],"that":[158],"more":[167],"aligned":[168],"with":[169,177],"encountered":[172],"knowledge,":[176],"enhanced":[179],"prompt":[180],"further":[181],"influencing":[182],"outputs.":[184],"findings":[186],"highlight":[187],"importance":[189],"identifying":[191],"RAG":[196],"framework":[197],"order":[199],"mitigate":[201],"not":[202],"just":[203],"unintended":[204],"bias,":[206],"but":[207],"also":[208],"risks":[210],"malicious":[212],"manipulation":[213],"such":[215],"models.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T06:31:55.123368","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}