{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7137947857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13786","title":"Projection-Free Evolution Strategies for Continuous Prompt Search","display_name":"Projection-Free Evolution Strategies for Continuous Prompt Search","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7137947857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13786"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.13786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13786","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129684265","display_name":"Yu Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cai, Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129655875","display_name":"Canxi Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Canxi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129662561","display_name":"Xiaoyu He","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He, Xiaoyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.1899999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.1899999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.16820000112056732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.14270000159740448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5020999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4765999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.36410000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-algorithm","display_name":"Search algorithm","score":0.33820000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6855000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5020999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4765999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.36410000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125583679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q755673","display_name":"Search algorithm","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19889080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835852","display_name":"Beam search","level":3,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128099668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q573952","display_name":"Lazy evaluation","level":3,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126661757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4925641","display_name":"Random search","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105902424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197129","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201789804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2362762","display_name":"Search problem","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.13786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.13786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.44995835423469543}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Continuous":[0],"prompt":[1,75,98,111],"search":[2,46,99,126],"offers":[3],"a":[4,48,78,96,143],"computationally":[5],"efficient":[6],"alternative":[7],"to":[8,47,84,118,133],"conventional":[9],"parameter":[10],"tuning":[11],"in":[12,108,138,153],"natural":[13,161],"language":[14,162],"processing":[15],"tasks.":[16],"Nevertheless,":[17],"its":[18],"practical":[19],"effectiveness":[20,55],"can":[21],"be":[22],"significantly":[23,174],"hindered":[24],"by":[25,43,91],"the":[26,30,34,45,54,60,74,109,119,135,150,154,166],"black-box":[27],"nature":[28],"and":[29,56],"inherent":[31],"high-dimensionality":[32],"of":[33,59],"objective":[35],"landscapes.":[36],"Existing":[37],"methods":[38],"typically":[39],"mitigate":[40],"these":[41],"challenges":[42],"restricting":[44],"randomly":[49],"projected":[50],"low-dimensional":[51,79],"subspace.":[52],"However,":[53],"underlying":[57],"motivation":[58],"projection":[61],"mechanism":[62,116,146],"remain":[63],"ambiguous.":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66,87,92],"paper,":[67],"we":[68,94,141],"first":[69],"empirically":[70],"demonstrate":[71,169],"that":[72,147,170],"despite":[73],"space":[76,112],"possessing":[77],"structure,":[80],"random":[81],"projections":[82],"fail":[83],"adequately":[85],"capture":[86],"essential":[88],"structure.":[89],"Motivated":[90],"finding,":[93],"propose":[95],"projection-free":[97],"method":[100,123],"based":[101],"on":[102,159],"evolutionary":[103],"strategies.":[104],"By":[105],"directly":[106],"optimizing":[107],"full":[110],"with":[113],"an":[114],"adaptation":[115],"calibrated":[117],"intrinsic":[120],"dimension,":[121],"our":[122,171],"achieves":[124],"competitive":[125],"capabilities":[127],"without":[128],"additional":[129],"computational":[130],"overhead.":[131],"Furthermore,":[132],"bridge":[134],"generalization":[136],"gap":[137],"few-shot":[139],"scenarios,":[140],"introduce":[142],"confidence-based":[144],"regularization":[145],"systematically":[148],"enhances":[149],"model's":[151],"confidence":[152],"target":[155],"verbalizers.":[156],"Experimental":[157],"results":[158],"seven":[160],"understanding":[163],"tasks":[164],"from":[165],"GLUE":[167],"benchmark":[168],"proposed":[172],"approach":[173],"outperforms":[175],"existing":[176],"baselines.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}