{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138332152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13353","title":"Optimizing LLM Annotation of Classroom Discourse through Multi-Agent Orchestration","display_name":"Optimizing LLM Annotation of Classroom Discourse through Multi-Agent Orchestration","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138332152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13353"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.13353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13353","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129706673","display_name":"Bakhtawar Ahtisham","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahtisham, Bakhtawar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090326226","display_name":"Kirk Vanacore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0673-5721"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vanacore, Kirk","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129744553","display_name":"Rene F. Kizilcec","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kizilcec, Rene F.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.30489999055862427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.30489999055862427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.16439999639987946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.06159999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.7426999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rubric","display_name":"Rubric","score":0.5494999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.5184999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjudication","display_name":"Adjudication","score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credibility","display_name":"Credibility","score":0.46219998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orchestration","display_name":"Orchestration","score":0.4300999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.4000000059604645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.7426999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111640148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847349","display_name":"Rubric","level":2,"score":0.5494999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5184999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204434341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357789","display_name":"Adjudication","level":2,"score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.46219998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199168358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3367000","display_name":"Orchestration","level":3,"score":0.4300999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4221999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143587482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543216","display_name":"Iterative and incremental development","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780440489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227278","display_name":"Data-driven","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.13353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.13353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8449931740760803}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2,141],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4,170],"increasingly":[5],"positioned":[6],"as":[7,70,119,127],"scalable":[8],"tools":[9],"for":[10,58,104],"annotating":[11],"educational":[12,60,208],"data,":[13],"including":[14],"classroom":[15],"discourse,":[16],"interaction":[17],"logs,":[18],"and":[19,30,41,80,96,164,172,188,190,217],"qualitative":[20],"learning":[21],"artifacts.":[22],"Their":[23],"ability":[24],"to":[25],"rapidly":[26],"summarize":[27],"instructional":[28,71],"interactions":[29],"assign":[31,143],"rubric-aligned":[32],"labels":[33,144,187],"has":[34],"fueled":[35],"optimism":[36],"about":[37],"reducing":[38],"the":[39,84,147,185,198],"cost":[40],"time":[42],"associated":[43],"with":[44,197],"expert":[45,218],"human":[46,204],"annotation.":[47],"However,":[48],"growing":[49],"evidence":[50],"suggests":[51],"that":[52,62,107],"single-pass":[53,136],"LLM":[54],"outputs":[55],"remain":[56],"unreliable":[57],"high-stakes":[59],"constructs":[61],"require":[63],"contextual,":[64],"pedagogical,":[65],"or":[66,73],"normative":[67],"judgment,":[68],"such":[69],"intent":[72],"discourse":[74],"moves.":[75],"This":[76,200],"tension":[77],"between":[78],"scale":[79],"validity":[81],"sits":[82],"at":[83],"core":[85],"of":[86,220],"contemporary":[87],"education":[88],"data":[89],"science.":[90],"In":[91],"this":[92],"work,":[93],"we":[94,124],"present":[95],"empirically":[97],"evaluate":[98],"a":[99,120,128,150,174,192],"hierarchical,":[100],"cost-aware":[101],"orchestration":[102],"framework":[103],"LLM-based":[105],"annotation":[106,118,137,205],"improves":[108],"reliability":[109],"while":[110],"explicitly":[111],"modeling":[112],"computational":[113],"tradeoffs.":[114],"Rather":[115],"than":[116],"treating":[117],"one-shot":[121],"prediction":[122],"problem,":[123],"conceptualize":[125],"it":[126],"multi-stage":[129],"epistemic":[130],"process":[131],"comprising":[132],"(1)":[133],"an":[134,180],"unverified":[135],"stage,":[138,152,177],"in":[139,153,178,195,207],"which":[140,154,179],"independently":[142],"based":[145],"on":[146],"rubric;":[148],"(2)":[149],"self-verification":[151],"each":[155],"model":[156,183],"audits":[157],"its":[158,166],"own":[159],"output":[160],"against":[161],"rubric":[162],"definitions":[163],"revises":[165],"label":[167,194],"if":[168],"inconsistencies":[169],"detected;":[171],"(3)":[173],"disagreement-centric":[175],"adjudication":[176],"independent":[181],"adjudicator":[182],"examines":[184],"verified":[186],"justifications":[189],"determines":[191],"final":[193],"accordance":[196],"rubric.":[199],"structure":[201],"mirrors":[202],"established":[203],"workflows":[206],"research,":[209],"where":[210],"initial":[211],"coding":[212],"is":[213],"followed":[214],"by":[215],"self-checking":[216],"resolution":[219],"disagreements.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}