{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7137841339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13320","title":"Nepali Passport Question Answering: A Low-Resource Dataset for Public Service Applications","display_name":"Nepali Passport Question Answering: A Low-Resource Dataset for Public Service Applications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7137841339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13320"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.13320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13320","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129670462","display_name":"Funghang Limbu Begha","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Begha, Funghang Limbu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060618612","display_name":"Praveen Acharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5181-9831"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Acharya, Praveen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006943206","display_name":"Bal Krishna Bal","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bal, Bal Krishna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5814999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5814999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.22679999470710754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.07450000196695328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nepali","display_name":"Nepali","score":0.8228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unavailability","display_name":"Unavailability","score":0.8112000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.614799976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.48730000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.48159998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.4300999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-service","display_name":"Public service","score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topic-model","display_name":"Topic model","score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.36340001225471497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780068402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33823","display_name":"Nepali","level":2,"score":0.8228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780505938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17093282","display_name":"Unavailability","level":2,"score":0.8112000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6779000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.614799976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.534600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.48730000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.48159998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4300999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780110086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161837","display_name":"Public service","level":2,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171686336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532085","display_name":"Topic model","level":2,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139458680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184942","display_name":"Interoperation","level":3,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69075417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515701","display_name":"Linked data","level":3,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512654426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19652","display_name":"Public domain","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191072391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17043235","display_name":"Retrievability","level":3,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776092919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9072","display_name":"Estonian","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217","display_name":"Public sector","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987896495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416716","display_name":"Event data","level":3,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.13320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.13320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6879749894142151,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nepali,":[0],"a":[1,36,52,90],"low-resource":[2],"language,":[3],"faces":[4],"significant":[5],"challenges":[6],"in":[7,74],"building":[8,51],"an":[9],"effective":[10],"information":[11],"retrieval":[12,92,125],"system":[13],"due":[14],"to":[15,30],"the":[16,83,101,104,111,123],"unavailability":[17],"of":[18,59,103],"annotated":[19],"data":[20,53],"and":[21,57,99],"computational":[22],"linguistic":[23],"resources.":[24],"In":[25,62,86],"this":[26,32],"study,":[27,64],"we":[28,65,88],"attempt":[29],"address":[31],"gap":[33],"by":[34],"preparing":[35],"pair-structured":[37],"Nepali":[38],"Question-Answer":[39],"dataset.":[40],"We":[41],"focus":[42],"on":[43],"Frequently":[44],"Asked":[45],"Questions":[46],"(FAQs)":[47],"for":[48,55,71],"passport-related":[49],"services,":[50],"set":[54],"training":[56],"evaluation":[58],"IR":[60],"models.":[61,130],"our":[63],"have":[66],"fine-tuned":[67,78,95,112],"transformer-based":[68],"embedding":[69],"models":[70,79,96,114,121],"semantic":[72],"similarity":[73],"question-answer":[75],"retrieval.":[76,106],"The":[77],"were":[80],"compared":[81],"with":[82,97],"baseline":[84],"BM25.":[85],"addition,":[87],"implement":[89],"hybrid":[91,105],"approach,":[93],"integrating":[94],"BM25,":[98,116],"evaluate":[100],"performance":[102,126],"Our":[107],"results":[108],"show":[109],"that":[110],"SBERT-based":[113],"outperform":[115],"whereas":[117],"multilingual":[118],"E5":[119],"embedding-based":[120],"achieve":[122],"highest":[124],"among":[127],"all":[128],"evaluated":[129]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}