{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138437384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13312","title":"Design-MLLM: A Reinforcement Alignment Framework for Verifiable and Aesthetic Interior Design","display_name":"Design-MLLM: A Reinforcement Alignment Framework for Verifiable and Aesthetic Interior Design","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138437384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13312"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.13312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13312","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129723793","display_name":"Yuxuan Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Yuxuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129732413","display_name":"Xiaotong Mao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mao, Xiaotong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129727961","display_name":"Jingyao Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Jingyao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.23309999704360962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.23309999704360962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.07509999722242355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.0674000009894371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.8094000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference","display_name":"Preference","score":0.5745000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.5537999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5343999862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5339000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5296000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference-elicitation","display_name":"Preference elicitation","score":0.35679998993873596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.8094000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7430999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.5745000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.5537999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5343999862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5339000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5296000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4332999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777868144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239817","display_name":"Preference elicitation","level":3,"score":0.35679998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55660270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164377","display_name":"Constrained optimization","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34972735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920267","display_name":"Engineering design process","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48262172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16908765","display_name":"Design process","level":3,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153517567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26090","display_name":"Mechanism design","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.13312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.13312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6383215188980103,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interior":[0],"design":[1,35,69],"is":[2,65],"a":[3,26,41,92,98,103,148],"requirements-to-visual-plan":[4],"generation":[5],"process":[6],"that":[7,51,60,74,96,151,157],"must":[8],"simultaneously":[9],"satisfy":[10],"verifiable":[11],"spatial":[12,112],"feasibility":[13,113],"and":[14,33,54,81,133,154,161],"comparative":[15],"aesthetic":[16,120],"preferences.":[17],"While":[18],"recent":[19],"multimodal":[20],"large":[21],"language":[22],"models":[23],"(MLLMs)":[24],"offer":[25],"unified":[27],"foundation":[28],"for":[29],"interpreting":[30],"user":[31],"intent":[32],"producing":[34,167],"rationales,":[36],"our":[37],"empirical":[38],"analysis":[39],"reveals":[40],"persistent":[42],"contradiction":[43],"in":[44],"real-world":[45],"deployment:":[46],"MLLMs":[47],"often":[48],"produce":[49],"layouts":[50],"are":[52,158],"unbuildable":[53],"aesthetically":[55,162],"inconsistent.":[56],"These":[57],"findings":[58],"indicate":[59],"simply":[61],"adding":[62],"in-domain":[63],"text":[64],"insufficient;":[66],"effective":[67],"interior":[68],"requires":[70],"an":[71],"alignment":[72,94],"mechanism":[73],"separates":[75],"hard":[76],"constraints":[77],"from":[78],"soft":[79],"preferences":[80],"coordinates":[82],"them":[83],"during":[84],"optimization.":[85],"To":[86],"address":[87],"this,":[88],"we":[89],"propose":[90],"Design-MLLM,":[91],"reinforcement":[93],"framework":[95],"optimizes":[97],"feasibility-first":[99],"preference":[100,121,141],"objective":[101],"via":[102],"dual-branch,":[104],"aesthetic-oriented":[105],"reward.":[106],"Specifically,":[107],"Design-MLLM":[108,146],"(i)":[109],"explicitly":[110],"evaluates":[111],"using":[114],"programmatic":[115],"constraint":[116],"checks,":[117],"(ii)":[118],"assesses":[119],"only":[122],"among":[123],"feasible":[124],"candidates":[125],"to":[126,138],"avoid":[127],"visually":[128,168],"appealing":[129,169],"but":[130,170],"unexecutable":[131],"shortcuts,":[132],"(iii)":[134],"performs":[135],"group-relative":[136],"optimization":[137],"obtain":[139],"stable":[140],"signals.":[142],"Through":[143],"this":[144],"process,":[145],"learns":[147],"controllable":[149],"policy":[150],"consistently":[152],"selects":[153],"generates":[155],"solutions":[156],"both":[159],"executable":[160],"coherent,":[163],"rather":[164],"than":[165],"occasionally":[166],"infeasible":[171],"designs.":[172],"Extensive":[173],"experiments":[174],"on":[175],"various":[176],"benchmark":[177],"datasets":[178],"demonstrate":[179],"the":[180],"advantages":[181],"of":[182],"Design-MLLM.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}
