{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7136108276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.12511","title":"How Fair is Software Fairness Testing?","display_name":"How Fair is Software Fairness Testing?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7136108276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.12511"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.12511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.12511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.12511","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129525042","display_name":"Ann Barcomb","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barcomb, Ann","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083770219","display_name":"Mariana Bento","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5125-0294"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bento, Mariana Pinheiro","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036425614","display_name":"Giuseppe Destefanis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3982-6355"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Destefanis, Giuseppe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011391821","display_name":"Sherlock A. Licorish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7318-2421"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licorish, Sherlock","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002660025","display_name":"Cleyton Ribeiro Magalh\u00e3es","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magalh\u00e3es, Cleyton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129545945","display_name":"Ronnie de Souza Santos","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santos, Ronnie de Souza","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032291051","display_name":"Mairieli Wessel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8619-726X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wessel, Mairieli","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.8694999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.8694999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.004999999888241291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10119","display_name":"Sustainability and Climate Change Governance","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situated","display_name":"Situated","score":0.6225000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.5719000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5045999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fairness-measure","display_name":"Fairness measure","score":0.4918999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indigenous","display_name":"Indigenous","score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.37549999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132829578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581151","display_name":"Situated","level":2,"score":0.6225000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.5719000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5529000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5045999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11867375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5430671","display_name":"Fairness measure","level":4,"score":0.4918999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55958113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169480","display_name":"Indigenous","level":2,"score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.37549999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125209646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338878","display_name":"Cultural diversity","level":2,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194959371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17056235","display_name":"Inequity aversion","level":3,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776916960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637156","display_name":"Warrant","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984328558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188522","display_name":"Software testing","level":3,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781118332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430460","display_name":"Capability approach","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020493868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55631277","display_name":"Real world data","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.12511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.12511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.12511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.12511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.7941424250602722}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"fairness":[1,15,28,41,72,111],"testing":[2,29,73,112],"is":[3,16],"a":[4],"central":[5],"method":[6],"for":[7],"evaluating":[8],"AI":[9],"systems,":[10],"yet":[11],"the":[12,35,78,85,92,127],"meaning":[13],"of":[14,95],"often":[17],"treated":[18],"as":[19,30],"fixed":[20],"and":[21,33,68,88,97,116,125],"universally":[22],"applicable.":[23],"This":[24],"vision":[25],"paper":[26],"positions":[27],"culturally":[31],"situated":[32],"examines":[34],"problem":[36],"across":[37],"three":[38],"dimensions.":[39],"First,":[40],"metrics":[42,115],"encode":[43],"particular":[44],"cultural":[45,123],"values":[46],"while":[47],"marginalizing":[48],"others.":[49],"Second,":[50],"test":[51],"datasets":[52],"are":[53],"predominantly":[54],"designed":[55],"from":[56],"Western":[57],"contexts,":[58],"excluding":[59],"knowledge":[60],"systems":[61],"grounded":[62],"in":[63,84],"oral":[64],"traditions,":[65],"Indigenous":[66],"languages,":[67],"non-digital":[69],"communities.":[70],"Third,":[71],"raises":[74],"ethical":[75],"concerns,":[76],"including":[77],"reliance":[79],"on":[80],"low-paid":[81],"data":[82],"labeling":[83],"Global":[86],"South,":[87],"associated":[89],"with":[90],"this,":[91],"environmental":[93],"costs":[94],"training":[96],"deploying":[98],"large-scale":[99],"models,":[100],"which":[101],"disproportionately":[102],"affect":[103],"climate-vulnerable":[104],"populations.":[105],"Addressing":[106],"these":[107],"issues":[108],"requires":[109],"rethinking":[110],"beyond":[113],"universal":[114],"moving":[117],"toward":[118],"evaluation":[119],"frameworks":[120],"that":[121],"respect":[122],"plurality":[124],"acknowledge":[126],"right":[128],"to":[129],"refuse":[130],"algorithmic":[131],"mediation.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-03-17T00:00:00"}