{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7136567028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.12420","title":"LLMs for Human Mobility: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions","display_name":"LLMs for Human Mobility: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7136567028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.12420"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.12420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.12420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.12420","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129501018","display_name":"Jie Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Jie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129565551","display_name":"Yaoxin Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Yaoxin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.944100022315979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.944100022315979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.0071000000461936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.0071000000461936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.47209998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-domain","display_name":"Public domain","score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","score":0.29409998655319214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.47209998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4690999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512654426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19652","display_name":"Public domain","level":2,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984309518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181784","display_name":"Human trafficking","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107645774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5467169","display_name":"Human resources","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.12420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.12420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.12420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.12420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"mobility":[1,40,86,108,118,120,123],"studies":[2],"how":[3,12],"people":[4],"move":[5],"among":[6],"meaningful":[7],"places":[8],"over":[9],"time":[10],"and":[11,24,46,51,53,64,77,89,122,125,143,154,160],"these":[13],"movements":[14],"aggregate":[15],"into":[16],"population-level":[17],"patterns":[18],"that":[19,57,83],"shape":[20],"accessibility,":[21],"congestion,":[22],"emissions,":[23],"public":[25],"health.":[26],"Large":[27],"language":[28],"models":[29],"(LLMs)":[30],"are":[31,58],"increasingly":[32],"used":[33],"in":[34,92],"this":[35],"domain":[36],"because":[37],"many":[38],"human":[39,85,107,165],"problems":[41],"require":[42],"reasoning":[43],"about":[44],"place":[45],"activity":[47],"semantics,":[48],"travelers'":[49],"intentions":[50],"preferences,":[52],"diverse":[54],"real-world":[55],"constraints":[56],"difficult":[59],"to":[60,137],"capture":[61],"using":[62],"coordinates":[63],"other":[65],"purely":[66],"numerical":[67],"attributes.":[68],"Despite":[69],"rapid":[70],"growth,":[71],"the":[72,138],"literature":[73],"is":[74,79],"still":[75],"scattered,":[76],"there":[78],"no":[80],"clear":[81],"overview":[82],"connects":[84],"tasks,":[87,111],"challenges,":[88],"LLM":[90],"designs":[91],"a":[93,100],"consistent":[94],"way.":[95],"This":[96],"survey":[97],"therefore":[98],"provides":[99],"comprehensive":[101],"synthesis":[102],"of":[103,141],"LLM-based":[104,146,162],"research":[105,155],"on":[106],"across":[109],"five":[110],"including":[112],"travel":[113],"itinerary":[114],"planning,":[115],"trajectory":[116],"generation,":[117],"simulation,":[119],"prediction,":[121],"semantics":[124],"understanding.":[126],"For":[127],"each":[128],"task,":[129],"we":[130],"review":[131],"representative":[132],"work,":[133],"connect":[134],"core":[135],"challenges":[136,153],"specific":[139],"roles":[140],"LLMs,":[142],"summarize":[144],"typical":[145],"solution":[147],"designs.":[148],"We":[149],"conclude":[150],"with":[151],"open":[152],"directions":[156],"toward":[157],"reliable,":[158],"grounded":[159],"privacy-aware":[161],"approaches":[163],"for":[164],"mobility.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-17T00:00:00"}
