{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135087757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10996","title":"TreeON: Reconstructing 3D Tree Point Clouds from Orthophotos and Heightmaps","display_name":"TreeON: Reconstructing 3D Tree Point Clouds from Orthophotos and Heightmaps","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135087757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10996"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10996","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056153851","display_name":"Angeliki Grammatikaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5779-2182"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Grammatikaki, Angeliki","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092277205","display_name":"Johannes Eschner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6784-8503"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eschner, Johannes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128891609","display_name":"Pedro Hermosilla","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hermosilla, Pedro","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063988819","display_name":"Oscar Argudo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3943-1839"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Argudo, Oscar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061106600","display_name":"Manuela Waldner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1387-5132"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waldner, Manuela","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056153851"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.896399974822998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.896399974822998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.028300000354647636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.027699999511241913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.8241000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthophoto","display_name":"Orthophoto","score":0.7627999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silhouette","display_name":"Silhouette","score":0.6895999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.6330999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5102999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.5074999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.4325000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.8241000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922585","display_name":"Orthophoto","level":2,"score":0.7627999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58103923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2286025","display_name":"Silhouette","level":2,"score":0.6895999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6818000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.6330999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6207000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5177000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5102999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5074999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4325000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163797641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067937","display_name":"Tree structure","level":3,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109950114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4464732","display_name":"3D reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113230428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247149","display_name":"Procedural modeling","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20885615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q825595","display_name":"Surface reconstruction","level":3,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117455697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190149","display_name":"Photogrammetry","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.48309454321861267,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"TreeON,":[2],"a":[3,20,33,79],"novel":[4],"neural-based":[5],"framework":[6],"for":[7,128],"reconstructing":[8],"detailed":[9],"3D":[10,133],"tree":[11,123],"point":[12,51,83,124],"clouds":[13,84],"from":[14,85],"sparse":[15],"top-down":[16],"geodata,":[17],"using":[18],"only":[19],"single":[21],"orthophoto":[22],"and":[23,43,46,89,96,103,120,139],"its":[24],"corresponding":[25],"Digital":[26],"Surface":[27],"Model":[28],"(DSM).":[29],"Our":[30],"method":[31],"introduces":[32],"new":[34],"training":[35],"supervision":[36,42],"strategy":[37],"that":[38],"combines":[39],"both":[40],"geometric":[41],"differentiable":[44],"shadow":[45],"silhouette":[47],"losses":[48],"to":[49,106,114],"learn":[50],"cloud":[52,125],"representations":[53,126],"of":[54,73,82],"trees":[55,88],"without":[56],"requiring":[57],"species":[58],"labels,":[59],"procedural":[60],"rules,":[61],"terrestrial":[62],"reconstruction":[63,101],"data,":[64,76,116],"or":[65],"ground":[66,74],"laser":[67],"scans.":[68],"To":[69],"address":[70],"the":[71],"lack":[72],"truth":[75],"we":[77],"generate":[78],"synthetic":[80,137],"dataset":[81],"procedurally":[86],"modeled":[87],"train":[90],"our":[91],"network":[92],"on":[93],"it.":[94],"Quantitative":[95],"qualitative":[97],"experiments":[98],"demonstrate":[99],"better":[100],"quality":[102],"coverage":[104],"compared":[105],"existing":[107],"methods,":[108],"as":[109,111],"well":[110],"strong":[112],"generalization":[113],"real-world":[115],"producing":[117],"visually":[118],"appealing":[119],"structurally":[121],"plausible":[122],"suitable":[127],"integration":[129],"into":[130],"interactive":[131],"digital":[132],"maps.":[134],"The":[135],"codebase,":[136],"dataset,":[138],"pretrained":[140],"model":[141],"are":[142],"publicly":[143],"available":[144],"at":[145],"https://angelikigram.github.io/treeON/.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-03T08:25:01.440150","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}