{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135064522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10970","title":"Reference Architecture of a Quantum-Centric Supercomputer","display_name":"Reference Architecture of a Quantum-Centric Supercomputer","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135064522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10970"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10970","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033227162","display_name":"Seetharami Seelam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7595-3477"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seelam, Seetharami","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061442100","display_name":"Jerry M. Chow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1471-1869"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chow, Jerry M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128840843","display_name":"Antonio C\u00f3rcoles","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C\u00f3rcoles, Antonio","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069162328","display_name":"Sarah Sheldon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1179-2513"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheldon, Sarah","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068592386","display_name":"Tushar Mittal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8026-0018"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mittal, Tushar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041795407","display_name":"Abhinav Kandala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2566-1388"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kandala, Abhinav","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067030637","display_name":"Sean Dague","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dague, Sean","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128820769","display_name":"Ian Hincks","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hincks, Ian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082446517","display_name":"Hiroshi Horii","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Horii, Hiroshi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128900169","display_name":"Blake Johnson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johnson, Blake","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128842500","display_name":"Michael Le","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le, Michael","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071982602","display_name":"Hani Jamjoom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6143-1064"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamjoom, Hani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030701195","display_name":"Jay Gambetta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4620-0978"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gambetta, Jay M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033227162"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9444000124931335,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9444000124931335,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.010400000028312206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supercomputer","display_name":"Supercomputer","score":0.7635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.47920000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forcing","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.3488999903202057}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83283714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121117","display_name":"Supercomputer","level":2,"score":0.7635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.4909000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.47920000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197115733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003136","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.44749999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106515295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26806595","display_name":"Parallel processing","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778926657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum system","level":3,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23375383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176499","display_name":"Unconventional computing","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172430144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17111997","display_name":"Symmetric multiprocessor system","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6390596628189087}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0,109],"computers":[1,38],"have":[2,31],"demonstrated":[3],"utility":[4],"in":[5,49,65],"simulating":[6],"quantum":[7,23,37,136,150,166,179],"systems":[8,44,63,80,106,131,167,183,201],"beyond":[9,53],"brute-force":[10],"classical":[11,40,138,181],"approaches.":[12],"As":[13],"the":[14,97,147],"community":[15],"builds":[16],"on":[17],"these":[18,61,215],"demonstrations":[19],"to":[20,45,69,122,145],"explore":[21],"using":[22],"computing":[24,42,151],"for":[25,99,152,202,214],"applied":[26],"research,":[27],"algorithms":[28,127],"and":[29,39,51,76,88,101,117,137,142,180,195,212],"workflows":[30],"emerged":[32],"that":[33,85,107],"require":[34],"leveraging":[35],"both":[36],"high-performance":[41,102],"(HPC)":[43],"scale":[46],"applications,":[47],"especially":[48],"chemistry":[50],"materials,":[52],"what":[54],"either":[55],"system":[56],"can":[57],"simulate":[58],"alone.":[59],"Today,":[60],"disparate":[62],"operate":[64],"isolation,":[66],"forcing":[67],"users":[68],"manually":[70],"orchestrate":[71],"workloads,":[72],"coordinate":[73],"job":[74],"scheduling,":[75],"transfer":[77],"data":[78],"between":[79],"--":[81],"a":[82,209],"cumbersome":[83],"process":[84],"hinders":[86],"productivity":[87],"severely":[89],"limits":[90],"rapid":[91],"algorithmic":[92],"exploration.":[93],"These":[94,130],"challenges":[95],"motivate":[96],"need":[98],"flexible":[100],"Quantum-Centric":[103],"Supercomputing":[104],"(QCSC)":[105],"integrate":[108],"Processing":[110,114,119],"Units":[111,115,120],"(QPUs),":[112],"Graphics":[113],"(GPUs),":[116],"Central":[118],"(CPUs)":[121],"accelerate":[123,146],"discovery":[124],"of":[125,149,191],"such":[126],"across":[128,135],"applications.":[129],"will":[132],"be":[133],"co-designed":[134,198],"HPC":[139,175,182],"infrastructure,":[140],"middleware,":[141,187],"application":[143],"layers":[144],"adoption":[148],"solving":[153],"critical":[154],"computational":[155,204],"problems.":[156],"We":[157],"envision":[158],"QCSC":[159,216],"evolution":[160],"through":[161,185],"three":[162],"distinct":[163],"phases:":[164],"(1)":[165],"as":[168],"specialized":[169],"compute":[170],"offload":[171],"engines":[172],"within":[173],"existing":[174],"complexes;":[176],"(2)":[177],"heterogeneous":[178,199],"coupled":[184],"advanced":[186],"enabling":[188],"seamless":[189],"execution":[190],"hybrid":[192,203],"quantum-classical":[193],"algorithms;":[194],"(3)":[196],"fully":[197],"quantum-HPC":[200],"workflows.":[205],"This":[206],"article":[207],"presents":[208],"reference":[210],"architecture":[211],"roadmap":[213],"systems.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}
