{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135100759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10313","title":"Large language models can disambiguate opioid slang on social media","display_name":"Large language models can disambiguate opioid slang on social media","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135100759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10313"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10313","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081232063","display_name":"Kristy A. Carpenter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4570-5170"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carpenter, Kristy A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072101898","display_name":"Issah Abubakari Samori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-5552"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samori, Issah A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060598258","display_name":"Mathew V. Kiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-150X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiang, Mathew V.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128822395","display_name":"Keith Humphreys","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Humphreys, Keith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077515687","display_name":"Anna Lembke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1352-487X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lembke, Anna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128808025","display_name":"Johannes C. Eichstaedt","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eichstaedt, Johannes C.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084043782","display_name":"Russ B. Altman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3859-2905"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Altman, Russ B.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081232063"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.508899986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.508899986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.15209999680519104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.03720000013709068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slang","display_name":"Slang","score":0.9366000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicon","display_name":"Lexicon","score":0.7268000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6226000189781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.48730000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distress","display_name":"Distress","score":0.30070000886917114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779901982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8102","display_name":"Slang","level":2,"score":0.9366000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.7268000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6226000189781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.48730000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4618000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4616999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43470001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139265228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283089","display_name":"Distress","level":2,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8187265396118164}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0],"media":[1,19,28],"text":[2,20,29],"shows":[3],"promise":[4],"for":[5,42,61,262],"monitoring":[6],"trends":[7,32],"in":[8,33,118,137,155],"the":[9,14,34,120,128,139,157,181,197,206,246],"opioid":[10,36,270],"overdose":[11,37],"crisis;":[12],"however,":[13],"overwhelming":[15],"majority":[16],"of":[17,51,80,130,180,196,215],"social":[18,27],"is":[21,46],"unrelated":[22],"to":[23,30,47,88,101,258,269,275],"opioids.":[24],"When":[25],"leveraging":[26],"monitor":[31],"ongoing":[35],"crisis,":[38],"a":[39,49,115,124,131,134,148],"common":[40,69],"strategy":[41,200],"identifying":[43],"relevant":[44,260],"content":[45,261],"use":[48],"lexicon":[50,199],"opioid-related":[52,143,161],"terms":[53,60,92],"as":[54,64],"inclusion":[55],"criteria.":[56],"However,":[57],"many":[58],"slang":[59,91,153,166],"opioids,":[62],"such":[63],"\"smack\"":[65,190],"or":[66],"\"blues,\"":[67],"have":[68],"non-opioid":[70],"meanings,":[71],"making":[72],"them":[73],"ambiguous.":[74],"The":[75],"advanced":[76],"textual":[77],"reasoning":[78],"capability":[79],"large":[81],"language":[82],"models":[83],"(LLMs)":[84],"presents":[85],"an":[86,151],"opportunity":[87],"disambiguate":[89,123],"these":[90],"at":[93],"scale.":[94],"We":[95],"present":[96],"three":[97],"tasks":[98],"on":[99],"which":[100,119,138,156],"evaluate":[102],"four":[103,169],"state-of-the-art":[104],"LLMs":[105,170,219,228,254],"(GPT-4,":[106],"GPT-5,":[107],"Gemini":[108],"2.5":[109],"Pro,":[110],"and":[111,150,202,218,241,278],"Claude":[112],"Sonnet":[113],"4.5):":[114],"lexicon-based":[116,182],"setting,":[117,136,154,183],"LLM":[121,140,158,184,209],"must":[122,141,159],"specific":[125],"term":[126],"within":[127],"context":[129,146],"given":[132],"post;":[133],"lexicon-free":[135,207],"identify":[142,160,259],"posts":[144,162],"from":[145],"without":[147],"lexicon;":[149],"emergent":[152,225],"with":[163],"simulated":[164],"new":[165],"terms.":[167],"All":[168],"showed":[171],"excellent":[172],"performance":[173],"across":[174],"all":[175,227],"tasks.":[176],"In":[177,205],"both":[178],"subtasks":[179],"F1":[185,210,234],"scores":[186,211],"(\"fenty\"":[187],"subtask:":[188,191],"0.824-0.972;":[189],"0.540-0.862)":[192],"far":[193],"exceeded":[194],"those":[195,214],"best":[198],"(0.126":[201],"0.009,":[203],"respectively).":[204],"task,":[208],"(0.544-0.769)":[212],"surpassed":[213],"lexicons":[216,248],"(0.080-0.540),":[217],"demonstrated":[220],"uniformly":[221],"higher":[222,230],"recall.":[223],"On":[224],"slang,":[226],"had":[229],"accuracy":[231],"(average:":[232,236,239,243],"0.784),":[233],"score":[235],"0.712),":[237],"precision":[238],"0.981),":[240],"recall":[242],"0.587)":[244],"than":[245],"two":[247],"assessed.":[249],"Our":[250],"results":[251],"show":[252],"that":[253],"can":[255],"be":[256],"used":[257],"low-prevalence":[263],"topics,":[264],"including":[265],"but":[266],"not":[267],"limited":[268],"references,":[271],"enhancing":[272],"data":[273],"provided":[274],"downstream":[276],"analyses":[277],"predictive":[279],"models.":[280]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T14:25:03.468858","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}
