{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135041035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10017","title":"The science and practice of proportionality in AI risk evaluations","display_name":"The science and practice of proportionality in AI risk evaluations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135041035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10017"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10017","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128815485","display_name":"Carlos Mougan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mougan, Carlos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028982525","display_name":"Lauritz Morlock","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morlock, Lauritz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126427078","display_name":"Jair Aguirre","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aguirre, Jair","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126429115","display_name":"James R. M. Black","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Black, James R. M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030437398","display_name":"Jan Brauner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1588-5724"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brauner, Jan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128839629","display_name":"Simeon Campos","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Campos, Simeon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128858866","display_name":"Sunishchal Dev","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dev, Sunishchal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016004555","display_name":"David Fern\u00e1ndez Llorca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2433-7110"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Llorca, David Fern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126378785","display_name":"Alberto Franzin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franzin, Alberto","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128827416","display_name":"Mario Fritz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fritz, Mario","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128844848","display_name":"Emilia G\u00f3mez","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00f3mez, Emilia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126399802","display_name":"Friederike Grosse-Holz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grosse-Holz, Friederike","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001360048","display_name":"Eloise Hamilton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2966-9771"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamilton, Eloise","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108887840","display_name":"Max Hasin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasin, Max","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128863184","display_name":"Jose Hernandez-Orallo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hernandez-Orallo, Jose","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052127213","display_name":"Dan Lahav","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6602-8530"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lahav, Dan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027861740","display_name":"Luca Massarelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4330-4840"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massarelli, Luca","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128889860","display_name":"Vasilios Mavroudis","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mavroudis, Vasilios","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128908846","display_name":"Malcolm Murray","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murray, Malcolm","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128802962","display_name":"Patricia Paskov","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paskov, Patricia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126433535","display_name":"Jaime Raldua","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raldua, Jaime","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054592192","display_name":"Wout Schellaert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9182-4747"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schellaert, Wout","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":22,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128815485"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.6247000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.6247000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.07930000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.048900000751018524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportionality","display_name":"Proportionality (law)","score":0.7389000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.6100999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union","display_name":"European union","score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-management","display_name":"Risk management","score":0.40310001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-science","display_name":"Regulatory science","score":0.36890000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183763965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603959","display_name":"Proportionality (law)","level":2,"score":0.7389000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.6100999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5631999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.40310001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778917124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7309705","display_name":"Regulatory science","level":2,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.3582000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3090818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","level":3,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21016645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515255","display_name":"Precautionary principle","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6149077415466309,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"global":[1],"challenge":[2,86],"in":[3,9,37],"artificial":[4],"intelligence":[5],"(AI)":[6],"regulation":[7],"lies":[8],"achieving":[10],"effective":[11],"risk":[12,94,132],"management":[13],"without":[14,96],"compromising":[15],"innovation":[16],"and":[17],"technical":[18],"progress.":[19],"The":[20,102,123],"European":[21],"Union":[22],"(EU)":[23],"Artificial":[24],"Intelligence":[25],"Act":[26,60],"represents":[27],"the":[28,38,57,68,84,90,113],"first":[29],"regulatory":[30,85],"attempt":[31],"worldwide":[32],"to":[33,73,115,119,127,135],"navigate":[34],"this":[35],"tension":[36],"form":[39],"of":[40,51,67,87,104,125],"a":[41,106],"binding,":[42],"risk-based":[43],"framework.":[44],"In":[45],"August":[46],"2025,":[47],"obligations":[48],"for":[49,130],"providers":[50,66],"general-purpose":[52],"AI":[53,59,131],"(GPAI)":[54],"models":[55,72],"under":[56,109],"EU":[58,110],"entered":[61],"into":[62],"application.":[63],"They":[64],"require":[65],"most":[69],"advanced":[70],"GPAI":[71],"evaluate":[74],"possible":[75],"systemic":[76],"risks":[77],"stemming":[78],"from":[79],"their":[80,120],"models.":[81],"This":[82],"raises":[83],"ensuring":[88],"that":[89,139],"evaluations":[91,129],"provide":[92],"meaningful":[93],"information":[95],"imposing":[97],"excessive":[98],"burden":[99],"on":[100],"providers.":[101],"principle":[103],"proportionality,":[105],"binding":[107],"requirement":[108],"law,":[111],"requires":[112],"regulator":[114],"calibrate":[116],"its":[117],"actions":[118],"intended":[121],"objectives.":[122],"application":[124],"proportionality":[126],"model":[128],"opens":[133],"opportunities":[134],"develop":[136],"scientific":[137],"methods":[138],"operationalize":[140],"such":[141],"calibration":[142],"within":[143],"concrete":[144],"evaluation":[145],"practices.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T14:25:03.468858","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}
