{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135026259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10012","title":"Measuring and Eliminating Refusals in Military Large Language Models","display_name":"Measuring and Eliminating Refusals in Military Large Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135026259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10012"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10012","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128840032","display_name":"Jack FitzGerald","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"FitzGerald, Jack","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128848465","display_name":"Dylan Bates","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bates, Dylan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069495574","display_name":"Aristotelis Lazaridis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9654-9599"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lazaridis, Aristotelis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128838535","display_name":"Aman Sharma","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharma, Aman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000122018","display_name":"Vincent John Magat Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu, Vincent","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128805484","display_name":"Brian A King","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"King, Brian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128809944","display_name":"Yousif Azami","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azami, Yousif","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128857777","display_name":"Sean Bailey","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bailey, Sean","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110448968","display_name":"Jeremy Sujie Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cao, Jeremy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128879268","display_name":"Peter Damianov","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damianov, Peter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128858664","display_name":"Kevin de Haan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"de Haan, Kevin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128915524","display_name":"Joseph Madigan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madigan, Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128818642","display_name":"Jeremy McLaurin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"McLaurin, Jeremy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128847436","display_name":"Luke Kerbs","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kerbs, Luke","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128813903","display_name":"Jonathan Tainer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tainer, Jonathan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128875429","display_name":"Dave Anderson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anderson, Dave","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128833673","display_name":"Jonathan Beck","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beck, Jonathan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128861686","display_name":"Jamie Cuticello","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cuticello, Jamie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128808308","display_name":"Colton Malkerson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malkerson, Colton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128896636","display_name":"Tyler Saltsman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saltsman, Tyler","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":20,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128840032"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.1251000016927719,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.1251000016927719,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.09080000221729279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.049400001764297485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deflection","display_name":"Deflection (physics)","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.376800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revolution-in-military-affairs","display_name":"Revolution in Military Affairs","score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-personnel","display_name":"Military personnel","score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-control","display_name":"Poison control","score":0.3603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-force","display_name":"Task force","score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-terminology","display_name":"Military terminology","score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-factors-and-ergonomics","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","score":0.302700012922287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781355719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080698","display_name":"Deflection (physics)","level":2,"score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.376800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690689","display_name":"Revolution in Military Affairs","level":3,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779072820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47064","display_name":"Military personnel","level":2,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.3603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985871740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637368","display_name":"Task force","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515798048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3491429","display_name":"Military terminology","level":5,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541409800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15680550","display_name":"Military theory","level":3,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110956428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6857873","display_name":"Military threat","level":3,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7030918598175049,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Military":[0],"Large":[1],"Language":[2],"Models":[3],"(LLMs)":[4],"must":[5],"provide":[6],"accurate":[7],"information":[8],"to":[9,29,41,67,108,176],"the":[10,27,35,60,70,124,132],"warfighter":[11],"in":[12,34,144],"time-critical":[13],"and":[14,63,81,88,101,119,173,180],"dangerous":[15],"situations.":[16],"However,":[17],"today's":[18],"LLMs":[19],"are":[20],"imbued":[21],"with":[22,123,171],"safety":[23],"behaviors":[24],"that":[25],"cause":[26],"LLM":[28],"refuse":[30],"many":[31],"legitimate":[32],"queries":[33],"military":[36,45,90,159,182,187],"domain,":[37],"particularly":[38],"those":[39],"related":[40],"violence,":[42],"terrorism,":[43],"or":[44],"technology.":[46],"Our":[47],"gold":[48,125],"benchmark":[49],"for":[50,79,167,185],"assessing":[51],"refusal":[52,80],"rates,":[53],"which":[54],"was":[55],"developed":[56],"by":[57],"veterans":[58],"of":[59,73,147,155],"US":[61],"Army":[62],"special":[64],"forces,":[65],"is":[66],"our":[68,162],"knowledge":[69],"first":[71],"dataset":[72],"its":[74],"kind.":[75],"We":[76,92,110],"present":[77,112],"results":[78,113],"deflection":[82,103],"rates":[83,96,104],"on":[84,114,135,157],"31":[85],"public":[86],"models":[87],"3":[89],"models.":[91,188],"observe":[93],"hard":[94],"rejection":[95],"as":[97,99],"high":[98],"98.2%":[100],"soft":[102],"ranging":[105],"from":[106],"0%":[107],"21.3%.":[109],"also":[111],"two":[115],"additional":[116],"synthetic":[117],"datasets":[118],"show":[120],"their":[121],"correlations":[122],"dataset.":[126],"Finally,":[127],"we":[128,165],"perform":[129],"abliteration":[130],"using":[131],"Heretic":[133],"library":[134],"a":[136],"military-tuned":[137],"gpt-oss-20b":[138],"model,":[139],"showing":[140],"an":[141,151],"absolute":[142],"increase":[143],"answer":[145],"rate":[146],"66.5":[148],"points":[149],"but":[150],"average":[152],"relative":[153],"decrease":[154],"2%":[156],"other":[158],"tasks.":[160],"In":[161],"concluding":[163],"remarks,":[164],"argue":[166],"deeper":[168],"specialization,":[169],"including":[170],"mid-training":[172],"end-to-end":[174],"post-training,":[175],"achieve":[177],"zero":[178],"refusals":[179],"maximum":[181],"task":[183],"accuracy":[184],"closed":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T14:25:03.468858","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}