{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134959100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.09787","title":"What is Missing? Explaining Neurons Activated by Absent Concepts","display_name":"What is Missing? Explaining Neurons Activated by Absent Concepts","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134959100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.09787"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_3697847","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0012-B2F1-2","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0012-B2F3-0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0012-B2F3-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128755742","display_name":"Robin Hesse","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hesse, Robin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079476861","display_name":"Simone Schaub-Meyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8644-1074"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schaub-Meyer, Simone","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075018242","display_name":"Janina Hesse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0283-3471"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hesse, Janina","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128730710","display_name":"Bernt Schiele","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schiele, Bernt","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128719669","display_name":"Stefan Roth","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roth, Stefan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128755742"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encode","display_name":"ENCODE","score":0.6090999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5806999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5763999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5396000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debiasing","display_name":"Debiasing","score":0.5011000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.3813999891281128}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6902999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.6090999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5918999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5806999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5763999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5396000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779458634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24963715","display_name":"Debiasing","level":2,"score":0.5011000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986949344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9404","display_name":"Neural system","level":2,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143299363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584","display_name":"Attribution","level":2,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_3697847","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0012-B2F1-2","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0012-B2F3-0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.09787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.09787","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_3697847","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0012-B2F1-2","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0012-B2F3-0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.48671233654022217,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7134959100.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7134959100.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Explainable":[0],"artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"(XAI)":[3],"aims":[4],"to":[5,62,143,160,181],"provide":[6],"human-interpretable":[7],"insights":[8],"into":[9],"the":[10,25,37,80,85,90,93,98,116],"behavior":[11],"of":[12,24,39,48,75,100,107,112,118],"deep":[13],"neural":[14,122],"networks":[15],"(DNNs),":[16],"typically":[17],"by":[18],"estimating":[19],"a":[20,40,45,49,63,76,103,119],"simplified":[21],"causal":[22,31,108],"structure":[23,32],"model.":[26],"In":[27,124],"existing":[28],"work,":[29,126],"this":[30,125],"often":[33],"includes":[34],"relationships":[35],"where":[36,115],"presence":[38,99],"concept":[41,120],"is":[42,110],"associated":[43],"with":[44],"strong":[46],"activation":[47,74],"neuron.":[50],"For":[51],"example,":[52],"attribution":[53,161],"methods":[54,68,141,177],"primarily":[55],"identify":[56],"input":[57],"pixels":[58],"that":[59,71,84,95,111,129,138,166,193],"contribute":[60],"most":[61],"prediction,":[64],"and":[65,92,137,162,183,192],"feature":[66,163],"visualization":[67,164],"reveal":[69,144,182],"inputs":[70],"cause":[72],"high":[73],"target":[77],"neuron":[78],"-":[79],"former":[81],"implicitly":[82],"assuming":[83],"relevant":[86,133],"information":[87],"resides":[88],"in":[89,148],"input,":[91],"latter":[94],"neurons":[96],"encode":[97],"concepts.":[101],"However,":[102],"largely":[104],"overlooked":[105],"type":[106],"relationship":[109],"encoded":[113,168,185],"absences,":[114,186],"absence":[117],"increases":[121],"activation.":[123],"we":[127,155,172],"show":[128,173],"such":[130],"missing":[131],"but":[132],"concepts":[134],"are":[135],"common":[136],"mainstream":[139,175],"XAI":[140,176],"struggle":[142],"them":[145],"when":[146,198],"applied":[147],"their":[149],"standard":[150],"form.":[151],"To":[152],"address":[153],"this,":[154],"propose":[156],"two":[157],"simple":[158],"extensions":[159],"techniques":[165],"uncover":[167],"absences.":[169],"Across":[170],"experiments,":[171],"how":[174,187],"can":[178,195],"be":[179,196],"used":[180],"explain":[184],"ImageNet":[188],"models":[189],"exploit":[190],"them,":[191],"debiasing":[194],"improved":[197],"considering":[199],"them.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2026-03-12T00:00:00"}