{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134921838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.09100","title":"Class Model Generation from Requirements using Large Language Models","display_name":"Class Model Generation from Requirements using Large Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134921838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.09100"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.09100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.09100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.09100","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128755398","display_name":"Jackson Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen, Jackson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128776729","display_name":"Rui En Koe","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koe, Rui En","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108050054","display_name":"Fanyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9937-8534"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Fanyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128772430","display_name":"Chetan Arora","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arora, Chetan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128762174","display_name":"Alessio Ferrari","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ferrari, Alessio","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.41029998660087585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.41029998660087585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.13779999315738678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.10769999772310257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-diagram","display_name":"Class diagram","score":0.760200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-modeling-language","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","score":0.6815000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5182999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-modeling-language","display_name":"Systems Modeling Language","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-driven-architecture","display_name":"Model-driven architecture","score":0.47679999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-uml","display_name":"Applications of UML","score":0.476500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-diagram","display_name":"Activity diagram","score":0.4553999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.4514999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uml-tool","display_name":"UML tool","score":0.3815000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202446494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664166","display_name":"Class diagram","level":4,"score":0.760200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7085000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145644426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","level":3,"score":0.6815000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5828999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5182999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4991999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21285288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2117885","display_name":"Systems Modeling Language","level":4,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509989072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15188241","display_name":"Model-driven architecture","level":4,"score":0.47679999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41298492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781506","display_name":"Applications of UML","level":4,"score":0.476500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64219723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423262","display_name":"Activity diagram","level":4,"score":0.4553999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.4514999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146939238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2467310","display_name":"UML tool","level":4,"score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48419115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q950859","display_name":"Communication diagram","level":5,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161756209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q613423","display_name":"Use Case Diagram","level":5,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133264317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397689","display_name":"Object Constraint Language","level":5,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168054591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17152869","display_name":"Story-driven modeling","level":5,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92548554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2262868","display_name":"Domain model","level":3,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153185123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391624","display_name":"Sequence diagram","level":4,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6604083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376937","display_name":"Requirements engineering","level":3,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45384764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838667","display_name":"Requirements elicitation","level":4,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.259799987077713}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.09100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.09100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.09100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.09100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,108,166],"emergence":[1],"of":[2,41,71,177,202],"Large":[3],"Language":[4],"Models":[5],"(LLMs)":[6],"has":[7],"opened":[8],"new":[9],"opportunities":[10],"to":[11,55,97,120],"automate":[12],"software":[13,34],"engineering":[14,192],"activities":[15],"that":[16,81,149],"traditionally":[17],"require":[18],"substantial":[19,161],"manual":[20],"effort.":[21],"Among":[22],"these,":[23],"class":[24,58,205],"diagram":[25,206],"generation":[26],"represents":[27],"a":[28,77],"critical":[29],"yet":[30],"resource-intensive":[31],"phase":[32],"in":[33,189],"design.":[35],"This":[36],"paper":[37],"investigates":[38],"the":[39,67,175,198],"capabilities":[40,199],"state-of-the-art":[42],"LLMs,":[43],"including":[44],"GPT-5,":[45],"Claude":[46],"Sonnet":[47],"4.0,":[48],"Gemini":[49],"2.5":[50],"Flash":[51],"Thinking,":[52],"and":[53,69,102,123,131,137,155,171,200],"Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct,":[54],"generate":[56,152],"UML":[57,158,204],"diagrams":[59],"from":[60],"natural":[61],"language":[62],"requirements":[63,191],"automatically.":[64],"To":[65],"evaluate":[66],"effectiveness":[68],"reliability":[70],"LLM-based":[72,170],"model":[73],"generation,":[74],"we":[75,93],"propose":[76],"comprehensive":[78],"dual-validation":[79],"framework":[80],"integrates":[82],"an":[83],"LLM-as-a-Judge":[84],"methodology":[85],"with":[86,163],"human-in-the-loop":[87],"assessment.":[88],"Using":[89],"eight":[90],"heterogeneous":[91],"datasets,":[92],"apply":[94],"chain-of-thought":[95],"prompting":[96],"extract":[98],"domain":[99],"entities,":[100],"attributes,":[101],"associations,":[103],"generating":[104],"corresponding":[105],"PlantUML":[106],"representations.":[107],"resulting":[109],"models":[110],"are":[111,140],"evaluated":[112],"across":[113],"five":[114],"quality":[115],"dimensions:":[116],"completeness,":[117],"correctness,":[118],"conformance":[119],"standards,":[121],"comprehensibility,":[122],"terminological":[124],"alignment.":[125],"Two":[126],"independent":[127],"LLM":[128],"judges":[129],"(Grok":[130],"Mistral)":[132],"perform":[133],"structured":[134],"pairwise":[135],"comparisons,":[136],"their":[138],"judgments":[139],"further":[141],"validated":[142],"against":[143],"expert":[144],"evaluations.":[145],"Our":[146],"results":[147],"demonstrate":[148],"LLMs":[150,178],"can":[151],"structurally":[153],"coherent":[154],"semantically":[156],"meaningful":[157],"diagrams,":[159],"achieving":[160],"alignment":[162],"human":[164],"evaluators.":[165],"consistency":[167],"observed":[168],"between":[169],"human-based":[172],"assessments":[173],"highlights":[174],"potential":[176],"not":[179],"only":[180],"as":[181,186],"modeling":[182],"assistants":[183],"but":[184],"also":[185],"reliable":[187],"evaluators":[188],"automated":[190],"workflows,":[193],"offering":[194],"practical":[195],"insights":[196],"into":[197],"limitations":[201],"LLM-driven":[203],"automation.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-03-12T00:00:00"}