{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134803844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.08659","title":"CODA: Difficulty-Aware Compute Allocation for Adaptive Reasoning","display_name":"CODA: Difficulty-Aware Compute Allocation for Adaptive Reasoning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134803844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.08659"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101329190","display_name":"Siye Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Siye","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128644430","display_name":"Jian Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xie, Jian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104331795","display_name":"Yikai Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Yikai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128645966","display_name":"Yanghua Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao, Yanghua","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28661598,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.27379998564720154,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.27379998564720154,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.10689999908208847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.09600000083446503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coda","display_name":"Coda","score":0.739300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.5597000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5401999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.4772999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4043999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.4036000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.3635999858379364}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.760200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3962253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852466","display_name":"Coda","level":2,"score":0.739300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.5597000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5401999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.4772999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4043999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4036000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.08659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,134],"emergence":[1],"of":[2,129],"large":[3],"reasoning":[4,45,56,161],"models":[5],"demonstrates":[6],"that":[7,95,121],"scaling":[8],"inference-time":[9],"compute":[10],"significantly":[11],"enhances":[12],"performance":[13],"on":[14,83,127,139,150,168,183],"complex":[15],"tasks.":[16],"However,":[17],"it":[18,62,116,186],"often":[19],"falls":[20,77],"into":[21],"another":[22],"trap:":[23],"overthinking":[24],"simple":[25,140],"problems,":[26],"where":[27,68],"repetitive":[28],"rationales":[29],"yield":[30],"minimal":[31],"accuracy":[32,75],"gains":[33],"at":[34],"a":[35,64,93,103,123],"disproportionately":[36],"high":[37],"cost.":[38,81],"This":[39],"motivates":[40],"adaptive":[41,55,160],"reasoning:":[42],"dynamically":[43],"aligning":[44],"depth":[46],"with":[47],"instance":[48],"difficulty.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51,97],"paper,":[52],"we":[53,85],"study":[54],"from":[57],"an":[58],"optimality":[59],"perspective,":[60],"formalizing":[61],"as":[63],"utility":[65],"maximization":[66],"problem":[67],"tokens":[69,101],"are":[70],"allocated":[71],"until":[72],"the":[73,79,130,143],"marginal":[74],"gain":[76],"below":[78],"incremental":[80],"Based":[82],"this,":[84],"propose":[86],"CODA":[87,108,158,171],"(Compute":[88],"Allocation":[89],"by":[90,99,175],"Difficulty":[91],"Awareness),":[92],"method":[94],"operationalizes":[96],"principle":[98],"allocating":[100],"via":[102,111],"policy-internal":[104],"difficulty":[105,110],"signal.":[106],"Specifically,":[107],"estimates":[109],"group-based":[112],"rollouts":[113,149,190],"and":[114,156],"maps":[115],"to":[117,191],"two":[118],"non-negative":[119],"gates":[120],"modulate":[122],"length-dependent":[124],"shaping":[125],"term":[126],"top":[128],"binary":[131],"base":[132],"reward.":[133],"easy-side":[135],"gate":[136,145],"penalizes":[137],"verbosity":[138],"instances,":[141],"whereas":[142,182],"hard-side":[144],"encourages":[146],"more":[147,188],"deliberative":[148,189],"challenging":[151],"ones.":[152],"Across":[153],"model":[154],"scales":[155],"benchmarks,":[157],"achieves":[159],"without":[162],"external":[163],"annotations":[164],"or":[165],"user-provided":[166],"budgets:":[167],"easy":[169],"tasks,":[170],"reduces":[172],"token":[173],"costs":[174],"over":[176],"60%":[177],"while":[178],"maintaining":[179],"strong":[180],"accuracy,":[181],"hard":[184],"tasks":[185],"incentivizes":[187],"maximize":[192],"performance.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2026-03-11T00:00:00"}