{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134838468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.08406","title":"Sandpiper: Orchestrated AI-Annotation for Educational Discourse at Scale","display_name":"Sandpiper: Orchestrated AI-Annotation for Educational Discourse at Scale","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134838468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.08406"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128644139","display_name":"Daryl Hedley","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hedley, Daryl","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119217587","display_name":"Doug Pietrzak","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pietrzak, Doug","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128654659","display_name":"Jorge Dias","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dias, Jorge","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128663594","display_name":"Ian Burden","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Burden, Ian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120353607","display_name":"Bakhtawar Ahtisham","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahtisham, Bakhtawar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128667657","display_name":"Zhuqian Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Zhuqian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090326226","display_name":"Kirk Vanacore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0673-5721"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vanacore, Kirk","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128662094","display_name":"Josh Marland","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marland, Josh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085430554","display_name":"Rachel Slama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8646-3617"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Slama, Rachel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023084721","display_name":"Justin Reich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4562-7010"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reich, Justin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128680890","display_name":"Kenneth Koedinger","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koedinger, Kenneth","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128689894","display_name":"Ren\u00e9 Kizilcec","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kizilcec, Ren\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128644139"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.2727999985218048,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.2727999985218048,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.06449999660253525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.06430000066757202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.6625999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.6363999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4754999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-property","display_name":"Qualitative property","score":0.37529999017715454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7027999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.6625999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6363999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5388000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4754999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199168358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3367000","display_name":"Orchestration","level":3,"score":0.3587000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","level":3,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780626000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5936775","display_name":"Human-in-the-loop","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780554381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063340","display_name":"Sensemaking","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84389358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129466","display_name":"Discourse analysis","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777648619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845208","display_name":"Learning analytics","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.08406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5082565546035767,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"educational":[1],"environments":[2],"are":[3],"expanding":[4],"toward":[5],"complex":[6],"AI":[7,93,139],"and":[8,24,62,122,151,169],"human":[9,63,142],"discourse,":[10],"providing":[11],"researchers":[12],"with":[13,72],"an":[14,145],"abundance":[15],"of":[16,138],"data":[17,61,110],"that":[18],"offers":[19],"deep":[20],"insights":[21],"into":[22],"learning":[23],"instructional":[25],"processes.":[26],"However,":[27],"traditional":[28],"qualitative":[29,64,127,174],"analysis":[30,83],"remains":[31],"a":[32,49,56,155],"labor-intensive":[33],"bottleneck,":[34],"severely":[35],"limiting":[36],"the":[37,79,113,135,160],"scale":[38],"at":[39],"which":[40],"this":[41],"research":[42,165],"can":[43],"be":[44],"conducted.":[45],"We":[46,153],"present":[47],"Sandpiper,":[48],"mixed-initiative":[50],"system":[51,114],"designed":[52],"to":[53,92,108,118,126,148,158],"serve":[54],"as":[55],"bridge":[57],"between":[58],"high-volume":[59],"conversational":[60],"expertise.":[65],"By":[66],"tightly":[67],"coupling":[68],"interactive":[69],"researcher":[70,170],"dashboards":[71],"agentic":[73],"Large":[74],"Language":[75],"Model":[76],"(LLM)":[77],"engines,":[78],"platform":[80],"enables":[81],"scalable":[82],"without":[84],"sacrificing":[85],"methodological":[86],"rigor.":[87],"Sandpiper":[88],"addresses":[89],"critical":[90],"barriers":[91],"adoption":[94],"in":[95,163,172],"education":[96],"by":[97,104],"implementing":[98],"context-aware,":[99],"automated":[100],"de-identification":[101],"workflows":[102],"supported":[103],"secure,":[105],"university-housed":[106],"infrastructure":[107],"ensure":[109],"privacy.":[111],"Furthermore,":[112],"employs":[115],"schema-constrained":[116],"orchestration":[117],"eliminate":[119],"LLM":[120],"hallucinations":[121],"enforces":[123],"strict":[124],"adherence":[125],"codebooks.":[128],"An":[129],"integrated":[130],"evaluations":[131],"engine":[132],"allows":[133],"for":[134],"continuous":[136],"benchmarking":[137],"performance":[140],"against":[141],"labels,":[143],"fostering":[144],"iterative":[146],"approach":[147],"model":[149],"refinement":[150],"validation.":[152],"propose":[154],"user":[156],"study":[157],"evaluate":[159],"system's":[161],"efficacy":[162],"improving":[164],"efficiency,":[166],"inter-rater":[167],"reliability,":[168],"trust":[171],"AI-assisted":[173],"workflows.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-03-11T00:00:00"}