{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134844615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.08398","title":"Revealing Behavioral Plasticity in Large Language Models: A Token-Conditional Perspective","display_name":"Revealing Behavioral Plasticity in Large Language Models: A Token-Conditional Perspective","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134844615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.08398"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071122369","display_name":"Liyuan Mao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mao, Liyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128661498","display_name":"Le Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Le","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128679333","display_name":"Jing Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128648905","display_name":"Chujie Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng, Chujie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128688404","display_name":"Bowen Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Bowen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128640733","display_name":"Chang Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128657268","display_name":"Shixuan Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Shixuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128665348","display_name":"An Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, An","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128649997","display_name":"Weinan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Weinan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128656903","display_name":"JunYang Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin, JunYang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5856999754905701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5856999754905701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.10159999877214432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.03830000013113022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.7382000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6029000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5401999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.499099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioral-analysis","display_name":"Behavioral analysis","score":0.4805999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operant-conditioning","display_name":"Operant conditioning","score":0.3650999963283539}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.7382000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6029000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5724999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5401999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.499099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4812000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989277270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168338","display_name":"Behavioral analysis","level":2,"score":0.4805999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163270606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847079","display_name":"Operant conditioning","level":3,"score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78639753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3318160","display_name":"Behavioral modeling","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988419192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7155","display_name":"Animal behavior","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79416737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2305519","display_name":"Social learning","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5570062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3919817","display_name":"Behavioural sciences","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83804111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063558","display_name":"Behavioral pattern","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.08398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4445197284221649,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,69,85],"work,":[2],"we":[3,71,126],"reveal":[4],"that":[5,80,116,128],"Large":[6],"Language":[7],"Models":[8],"(LLMs)":[9],"possess":[10],"intrinsic":[11],"behavioral":[12,52,96,120],"plasticity-akin":[13],"to":[14,19,62,83,142],"chameleons":[15],"adapting":[16],"their":[17,51,155],"coloration":[18],"environmental":[20],"cues-that":[21],"can":[22,138],"be":[23,139],"exposed":[24],"through":[25],"token-conditional":[26,102],"generation":[27,36,103],"and":[28,94,104],"stabilized":[29],"via":[30],"reinforcement":[31],"learning.":[32],"Specifically,":[33],"by":[34,154],"conditioning":[35],"on":[37,68,135],"carefully":[38],"selected":[39],"token":[40],"prefixes":[41],"sampled":[42],"from":[43,59],"responses":[44],"exhibiting":[45],"desired":[46],"behaviors,":[47],"LLMs":[48],"seamlessly":[49],"adapt":[50],"modes":[53],"at":[54,144],"inference":[55],"time":[56],"(e.g.,":[57],"switching":[58],"step-by-step":[60,156],"reasoning":[61,130,157],"direct":[63],"answering)":[64],"without":[65,122],"retraining.":[66],"Based":[67],"insight,":[70],"propose":[72],"Token-Conditioned":[73],"Reinforcement":[74],"Learning":[75],"(ToCoRL),":[76],"a":[77,150],"principled":[78],"framework":[79],"leverages":[81],"RL":[82],"internalize":[84],"chameleon-like":[86],"plasticity,":[87],"transforming":[88],"transient":[89],"inference-time":[90],"adaptations":[91],"into":[92],"stable":[93],"learnable":[95],"patterns.":[97,158],"ToCoRL":[98,117],"guides":[99],"exploration":[100],"with":[101],"keep":[105],"enhancing":[106],"exploitation,":[107],"enabling":[108],"emergence":[109],"of":[110],"appropriate":[111],"behaviors.":[112],"Extensive":[113],"experiments":[114],"show":[115,127],"enables":[118],"precise":[119],"control":[121],"capability":[123,151],"degradation.":[124],"Notably,":[125],"large":[129],"models,":[131],"while":[132],"performing":[133],"strongly":[134],"complex":[136],"mathematics,":[137],"effectively":[140],"adapted":[141],"excel":[143],"factual":[145],"question":[146],"answering,":[147],"which":[148],"was":[149],"previously":[152],"hindered":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-11T00:00:00"}