{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134827911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.08275","title":"AdaCultureSafe: Adaptive Cultural Safety Grounded by Cultural Knowledge in Large Language Models","display_name":"AdaCultureSafe: Adaptive Cultural Safety Grounded by Cultural Knowledge in Large Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134827911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.08275"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128678982","display_name":"Hankun Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kang, Hankun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128647492","display_name":"Di Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin, Di","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128666650","display_name":"Zhirong Liao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liao, Zhirong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128675961","display_name":"Pengfei Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bai, Pengfei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049361630","display_name":"Xinyi Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4625-5474"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeng, Xinyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiang, Jiawei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Jiawei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128635092","display_name":"Yuanyuan Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu, Yuanyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128677977","display_name":"Tieyun Qian","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian, Tieyun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128678982"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.14720000326633453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.14720000326633453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.08209999650716782,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.054499998688697815,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-diversity","display_name":"Cultural diversity","score":0.6678000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traditional-knowledge","display_name":"Traditional knowledge","score":0.5091999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neglect","display_name":"Neglect","score":0.4993000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indigenous","display_name":"Indigenous","score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-safety","display_name":"Cultural safety","score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-knowledge","display_name":"Cultural knowledge","score":0.40549999475479126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125209646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338878","display_name":"Cultural diversity","level":2,"score":0.6678000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C514011633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428168","display_name":"Traditional knowledge","level":3,"score":0.5091999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776289891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931511","display_name":"Neglect","level":2,"score":0.4993000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55958113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169480","display_name":"Indigenous","level":2,"score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777507618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5193403","display_name":"Cultural safety","level":3,"score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994055011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210272","display_name":"Cultural knowledge","level":2,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178021490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13586578","display_name":"Cultural analysis","level":2,"score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36390000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020486378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5188450","display_name":"Culturally appropriate","level":2,"score":0.3621000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169536714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666159","display_name":"Cultural competence","level":2,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156325361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152864","display_name":"Grounded theory","level":3,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778560987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1378247","display_name":"Cultural psychology","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38749836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5193358","display_name":"Cultural group selection","level":3,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115925183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412694","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189047002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5193417","display_name":"Cultural system","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.08275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.596116304397583,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,34,40,80,88,94,103,148,158,197,205,209,218,221,240,245],"widespread":[2],"adoption":[3],"of":[4,96,105,165,208,211,220,223,242],"Large":[5],"Language":[6],"Models":[7],"(LLMs),":[8],"respecting":[9],"indigenous":[10],"cultures":[11],"becomes":[12],"essential":[13],"for":[14],"models'":[15],"culturally":[16],"safety":[17,27,54,68,171,189,237],"and":[18,28,31,69,72,75,93,129,147,154,172,190,225],"responsible":[19],"global":[20],"applications.":[21],"Existing":[22],"studies":[23],"separately":[24],"consider":[25],"cultural":[26,29,53,67,89,97,122,145,170,188,236],"knowledge":[30,123,173,191,243],"neglect":[32],"that":[33,119],"former":[35],"should":[36],"be":[37,215],"grounded":[38],"by":[39,238],"latter.":[41],"This":[42],"severely":[43],"prevents":[44],"LLMs":[45,167,202],"from":[46],"yielding":[47],"culture-specific":[48],"respectful":[49],"responses.":[50],"Consequently,":[51],"adaptive":[52],"remains":[55],"a":[56,116,136,179,230],"formidable":[57],"task.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60,85,112],"work,":[61],"we":[62,114,134,161,177],"propose":[63,115],"to":[64,83,102,203,217],"jointly":[65],"model":[66],"knowledge.":[70],"First":[71],"foremost,":[73],"cultural-safety":[74],"knowledge-paired":[76],"data":[77],"serve":[78],"as":[79],"key":[81],"prerequisite":[82],"conduct":[84],"research.":[86],"However,":[87],"diversity":[90],"across":[91],"regions":[92],"subtlety":[95],"differences":[98],"pose":[99],"significant":[100,183],"challenges":[101],"creation":[104],"such":[106],"paired":[107],"evaluation":[108],"data.":[109],"To":[110],"address":[111],"issue,":[113],"novel":[117],"framework":[118],"integrates":[120],"authoritative":[121],"descriptions":[124,146],"curation,":[125],"LLM-automated":[126],"query":[127],"generation,":[128],"heavy":[130],"manual":[131],"verification.":[132],"Accordingly,":[133],"obtain":[135],"dataset":[137],"named":[138],"AdaCultureSafe":[139],"containing":[140],"4.8K":[141],"manually":[142,151],"decomposed":[143],"fine-grained":[144],"corresponding":[149],"48K":[150],"verified":[152],"safety-":[153],"knowledge-oriented":[155],"queries.":[156],"Upon":[157],"constructed":[159],"dataset,":[160],"evaluate":[162],"three":[163],"families":[164],"popular":[166],"on":[168],"their":[169,187],"proficiency,":[174],"via":[175],"which":[176,213,233],"make":[178],"critical":[180],"discovery:":[181],"no":[182],"correlation":[184],"exists":[185],"between":[186],"proficiency.":[192],"We":[193,227],"then":[194],"delve":[195],"into":[196,244],"utility-related":[198],"neuron":[199],"activations":[200],"within":[201],"investigate":[204],"potential":[206],"cause":[207],"absence":[210],"correlation,":[212],"can":[214],"attributed":[216],"difference":[219],"objectives":[222],"pre-training":[224],"post-alignment.":[226],"finally":[228],"present":[229],"knowledge-grounded":[231],"method,":[232],"significantly":[234],"enhances":[235],"enforcing":[239],"integration":[241],"LLM":[246],"response":[247],"generation":[248],"process.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2026-03-11T00:00:00"}
