{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134822015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.07685","title":"Scalable Training of Mixture-of-Experts Models with Megatron Core","display_name":"Scalable Training of Mixture-of-Experts Models with Megatron Core","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134822015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.07685"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.07685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.07685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.07685","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091674821","display_name":"Zijie Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan, Zijie","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034706755","display_name":"Hongxiao Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bai, Hongxiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128650406","display_name":"Xin Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao, Xin","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128645489","display_name":"Dennis Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Dennis","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128641220","display_name":"Tong Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128677944","display_name":"Hongbin Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Hongbin","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128648562","display_name":"Pingtian Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Pingtian","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128660346","display_name":"Evan Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Evan","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128645336","display_name":"Shiqing Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan, Shiqing","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128661995","display_name":"Li Tao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao, Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128680827","display_name":"Robin Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Robin","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127868962","display_name":"Yuzhong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Yuzhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128670627","display_name":"Shifang Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Shifang","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128653861","display_name":"Jack Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang, Jack","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128674221","display_name":"Xuwen Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Xuwen","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101543891","display_name":"Kunlun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5797-6560"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Kunlun","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128675296","display_name":"Yan Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bai, Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128651134","display_name":"Gao Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deng, Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128665922","display_name":"Nan Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng, Nan","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085834120","display_name":"Vijay Anand Korthikanti","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Korthikanti, Vijay Anand","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128673983","display_name":"Abhinav Khattar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khattar, Abhinav","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128664846","display_name":"Ethan He","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He, Ethan","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077219539","display_name":"Soham V Govande","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Govande, Soham","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043559826","display_name":"Sangkug Lym","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lym, Sangkug","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128661844","display_name":"Zhongbo Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu, Zhongbo","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013618981","display_name":"Qi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-9799"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128666545","display_name":"Haochen Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan, Haochen","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128666789","display_name":"Xiaowei Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren, Xiaowei","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102651661","display_name":"Deyu Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu, Deyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111363310","display_name":"Tailai Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma, Tailai","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071227524","display_name":"Shunkang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7747-4667"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Shunkang","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081544971","display_name":"Jiang Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-8006"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shao, Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128688280","display_name":"Ray Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Ray","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011076200","display_name":"Vasudevan Rengasamy","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rengasamy, Vasudevan","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100563044","display_name":"Rachit Garg","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Garg, Rachit","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035759238","display_name":"Santosh Bhavani","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhavani, Santosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102858046","display_name":"Xipeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8016-5395"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Xipeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhou, Chandler","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Chandler","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wu, David","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, David","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056170667","display_name":"Yingcan Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5093-7382"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei, Yingcan","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047868410","display_name":"A. R. Aithal","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aithal, Ashwath","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008915989","display_name":"Michael Andersch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5778-4480"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andersch, Michael","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shoeybi, Mohammad","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoeybi, Mohammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128775310","display_name":"Jiajie Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao, Jiajie","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039524786","display_name":"June Yong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8799-889X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, June","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":45,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091674821"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.16940000653266907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.16940000653266907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.12060000002384186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.1160999983549118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7408999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.5579000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5116000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-core-processor","display_name":"Multi-core processor","score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.41449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.36550000309944153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7710999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7408999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.5579000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5116000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78766204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555032","display_name":"Multi-core processor","level":2,"score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.41449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83283714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121117","display_name":"Supercomputer","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776545253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5464292","display_name":"Folding (DSP implementation)","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477690","display_name":"CUDA","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32155586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212569","display_name":"Simula","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.07685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.07685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.07685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.07685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5533389449119568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scaling":[0],"Mixture-of-Experts":[1],"(MoE)":[2],"training":[3,61,95,138],"introduces":[4],"systems":[5,170],"challenges":[6,58],"absent":[7],"in":[8],"dense":[9],"models.":[10],"Because":[11],"each":[12],"token":[13],"activates":[14],"only":[15],"a":[16,122],"subset":[17],"of":[18,146,154],"experts,":[19],"this":[20],"sparsity":[21],"allows":[22],"total":[23],"parameters":[24,147],"to":[25,46,144,152],"grow":[26],"much":[27],"faster":[28],"than":[29],"per-token":[30],"computation,":[31],"creating":[32],"coupled":[33],"constraints":[34],"across":[35,50,133],"memory,":[36],"communication,":[37],"and":[38,76,99,101,108,116,125,135,165],"computation.":[39],"Optimizing":[40],"one":[41],"dimension":[42],"often":[43],"shifts":[44],"pressure":[45],"another,":[47],"demanding":[48],"co-design":[49],"the":[51,169],"full":[52],"system":[53],"stack.":[54],"We":[55],"address":[56],"these":[57,160],"for":[59,90,97,114,119,137,175],"MoE":[60,139,177],"through":[62],"integrated":[63],"optimizations":[64],"spanning":[65],"memory":[66],"(fine-grained":[67],"recomputation,":[68],"offloading,":[69],"etc.),":[70,75],"communication":[71],"(optimized":[72],"dispatchers,":[73],"overlapping,":[74],"computation":[77],"(Grouped":[78],"GEMM,":[79],"fusions,":[80],"CUDA":[81],"Graphs,":[82],"etc.).":[83],"The":[84],"framework":[85],"also":[86],"provides":[87],"Parallel":[88],"Folding":[89],"flexible":[91],"multi-dimensional":[92],"parallelism,":[93],"low-precision":[94],"support":[96],"FP8":[98],"NVFP4,":[100],"efficient":[102],"long-context":[103],"training.":[104],"On":[105],"NVIDIA":[106],"GB300":[107],"GB200,":[109],"it":[110,129],"achieves":[111],"1,233/1,048":[112],"TFLOPS/GPU":[113,118],"DeepSeek-V3-685B":[115],"974/919":[117],"Qwen3-235B.":[120],"As":[121],"performant,":[123],"scalable,":[124],"production-ready":[126],"open-source":[127],"solution,":[128],"has":[130],"been":[131],"used":[132],"academia":[134],"industry":[136],"models":[140,178],"ranging":[141],"from":[142],"billions":[143],"trillions":[145],"on":[148],"clusters":[149],"scaling":[150,176],"up":[151],"thousands":[153],"GPUs.":[155],"This":[156],"report":[157],"explains":[158],"how":[159],"techniques":[161],"work,":[162],"their":[163,166],"trade-offs,":[164],"interactions":[167],"at":[168],"level,":[171],"providing":[172],"practical":[173],"guidance":[174],"with":[179],"Megatron":[180],"Core.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2026-03-11T00:00:00"}