{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134850522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.07601","title":"VB-NET: A physics-constrained gray-box deep learning framework for modeling air conditioning systems as virtual batteries","display_name":"VB-NET: A physics-constrained gray-box deep learning framework for modeling air conditioning systems as virtual batteries","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134850522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.07601"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.07601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128686024","display_name":"Yuchen Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi, Yuchen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128663621","display_name":"Ye Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo, Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128662812","display_name":"Yinliang Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Yinliang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23827392,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.4413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.4413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.20000000298023224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.16439999639987946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-conditioning","display_name":"Air conditioning","score":0.5914999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differentiable-function","display_name":"Differentiable function","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.513700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoupling","display_name":"Decoupling (probability)","score":0.482699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal","display_name":"Thermal","score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.3944000005722046}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.5914999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202615002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783507","display_name":"Differentiable function","level":2,"score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.513700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205606062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249645","display_name":"Decoupling (probability)","level":2,"score":0.482699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.4032000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116672817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454986","display_name":"Physical system","level":2,"score":0.38929998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194583477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408891","display_name":"Physical law","level":2,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780974030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16951926","display_name":"Co-simulation","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18815010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849392","display_name":"Laws of thermodynamics","level":3,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122346748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798773","display_name":"HVAC","level":3,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37785467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385325","display_name":"Modelica","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.07601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.07601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.07601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.07601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.704459547996521,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"increasing":[1],"penetration":[2],"of":[3,104,143],"renewable":[4],"energy":[5],"necessitates":[6],"unlocking":[7],"demand-side":[8],"flexibility.":[9],"While":[10],"air":[11],"conditioning":[12],"(AC)":[13],"systems":[14],"offer":[15],"significant":[16],"thermal":[17,84],"inertia,":[18],"existing":[19],"physical":[20,74],"and":[21,29,64,86,122,152],"data-driven":[22],"models":[23,101],"struggle":[24],"with":[25],"parameter":[26],"acquisition,":[27],"interpretability,":[28],"data":[30],"scarcity.":[31],"This":[32],"paper":[33],"proposes":[34],"VB-NET,":[35],"a":[36,48,88],"physics-constrained":[37],"gray-box":[38],"deep":[39],"learning":[40,121],"framework":[41],"that":[42,95],"transforms":[43],"complex":[44],"AC":[45,63,136,158],"thermodynamics":[46],"into":[47],"standardized":[49],"Virtual":[50],"Battery":[51],"(VB)":[52],"model.":[53],"We":[54],"first":[55],"mathematically":[56],"prove":[57],"the":[58,62,128],"isomorphic":[59],"equivalence":[60],"between":[61],"VB":[65],"models.":[66],"Subsequently,":[67],"VB-NET":[68,96,126],"is":[69],"designed":[70],"to":[71,113,141],"strictly":[72],"enforces":[73],"laws":[75,112],"by":[76],"decoupling":[77],"shared":[78],"meteorological":[79],"drivers":[80],"from":[81],"private":[82],"building":[83],"fingerprints":[85],"embedding":[87],"differentiable":[89],"physics":[90],"layer.":[91],"Experimental":[92],"results":[93],"demonstrate":[94],"significantly":[97],"outperforms":[98],"conventional":[99],"black-box":[100],"in":[102],"state":[103],"charge":[105],"tracking":[106],"while":[107],"successfully":[108],"recovering":[109],"underlying":[110],"thermodynamic":[111],"yield":[114],"physically":[115],"consistent":[116],"parameters.":[117],"Furthermore,":[118],"utilizing":[119],"multi-task":[120],"terminal":[123],"sensitivity":[124],"modulation,":[125],"overcomes":[127],"cold-start":[129],"dilemma,":[130],"achieving":[131],"high-precision":[132],"modeling":[133],"for":[134,155,160],"new":[135],"units":[137],"using":[138],"only":[139],"2%":[140],"6%":[142],"historical":[144],"data.":[145],"Ultimately,":[146],"this":[147],"study":[148],"provides":[149],"an":[150],"interpretable":[151],"data-efficient":[153],"pathway":[154],"aggregating":[156],"decentralized":[157],"resources":[159],"grid":[161],"regulation.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2026-03-11T00:00:00"}