{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134819521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.07335","title":"VisualScratchpad: Inference-time Visual Concepts Analysis in Vision Language Models","display_name":"VisualScratchpad: Inference-time Visual Concepts Analysis in Vision Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134819521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.07335"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.07335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016582283","display_name":"Hyesu Lim","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lim, Hyesu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101829031","display_name":"Jinho D. Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2693-6934"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Choi, Jinho","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128648332","display_name":"Taekyung Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim, Taekyung","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128678057","display_name":"Byeongho Heo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heo, Byeongho","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128642744","display_name":"Jaegul Choo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Choo, Jaegul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128635813","display_name":"Dongyoon Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han, Dongyoon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016582283"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.8889999985694885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.8889999985694885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.021199999377131462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5672000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-language","display_name":"Visual language","score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-understanding","display_name":"Language understanding","score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4293999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-reasoning","display_name":"Visual reasoning","score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.3594000041484833}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7608000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5763000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5672000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780878386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1659648","display_name":"Visual language","level":2,"score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4293999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777508537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936620","display_name":"Visual reasoning","level":2,"score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5339829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425977","display_name":"Machine vision","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63075964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3277307","display_name":"Visual rhetoric","level":3,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164280684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5529040","display_name":"Gaze-contingency paradigm","level":4,"score":0.2621000111103058}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.07335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.07335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.07335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.07335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-performing":[0],"vision":[1,45,71],"language":[2,77],"models":[3],"still":[4],"produce":[5],"incorrect":[6],"answers,":[7],"yet":[8],"their":[9],"failure":[10,107],"modes":[11],"are":[12,66],"often":[13],"difficult":[14],"to":[15,43,53,61],"explain.":[16],"To":[17],"make":[18],"model":[19],"internals":[20],"more":[21],"accessible":[22],"and":[23,47,73,115],"enable":[24],"systematic":[25],"debugging,":[26],"we":[27,103],"introduce":[28],"VisualScratchpad,":[29],"an":[30],"interactive":[31],"interface":[32],"for":[33,93],"visual":[34,51,64,113],"concept":[35,95],"analysis":[36],"during":[37],"inference.":[38],"We":[39],"apply":[40],"sparse":[41],"autoencoders":[42],"the":[44,49,70,76],"encoder":[46,72],"link":[48],"resulting":[50],"concepts":[52,65],"text":[54],"tokens":[55],"via":[56],"text-to-image":[57],"attention,":[58],"allowing":[59],"us":[60],"examine":[62],"which":[63],"both":[67],"captured":[68],"by":[69,75],"utilized":[74],"model.":[78],"VisualScratchpad":[79],"also":[80],"provides":[81],"a":[82,88],"token-latent":[83],"heatmap":[84],"view":[85],"that":[86],"suggests":[87],"sufficient":[89],"set":[90],"of":[91],"latents":[92],"effective":[94],"ablation":[96],"in":[97],"causal":[98],"analysis.":[99],"Through":[100],"case":[101],"studies,":[102],"reveal":[104],"three":[105],"underexplored":[106],"modes:":[108],"limited":[109],"cross-modal":[110],"alignment,":[111],"misleading":[112],"concepts,":[114],"unused":[116],"hidden":[117],"cues.":[118],"Project":[119],"page:":[120],"https://hyesulim.github.io/visual_scratchpad_projectpage/":[121]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-03-11T00:00:00"}
