{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134238974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.06562","title":"Radio-Frequency Side-Channel Analysis of a Trapped-Ion Quantum Computer","display_name":"Radio-Frequency Side-Channel Analysis of a Trapped-Ion Quantum Computer","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134238974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.06562"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.06562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128405962","display_name":"Giorgio Grigolo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grigolo, Giorgio","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128494423","display_name":"Dorian Schiffer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schiffer, Dorian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081794468","display_name":"Lukas Gerster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2886-2302"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerster, Lukas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028441954","display_name":"Martin Ringbauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5055-6240"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ringbauer, Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128605351","display_name":"Paul Erker","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erker, Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9337999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9337999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11449","display_name":"Mechanical and Optical Resonators","score":0.009800000116229057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7335000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.6373000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.6212999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.57669997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.5303999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.4253000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.40950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.40860000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7335000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.6373000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.6212999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.57669997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5418000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.5303999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.4253000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.40950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.40860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58849907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2118982","display_name":"Quantum gate","level":4,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778926657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum system","level":3,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68717125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735602","display_name":"Quantum optics","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5320026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122216","display_name":"Quantum information science","level":4,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779446001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177388","display_name":"Quantum defect","level":5,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190463098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081419","display_name":"Quantum technology","level":4,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.06562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.06562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.06562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.06562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Analogously":[0],"to":[1,14,39,68,95,103,142],"classical":[2],"computers,":[3],"quantum":[4,29,51,111],"processors":[5,30],"exhibit":[6],"side":[7,25,98,150],"channels":[8],"that":[9,31],"may":[10],"give":[11],"attackers":[12],"access":[13],"potentially":[15],"proprietary":[16],"algorithms.":[17],"We":[18,91],"identify":[19],"and":[20,47,58,71,100,125],"exploit":[21,96],"a":[22,82,108,130],"previously":[23],"unexplored":[24],"channel":[26,99],"in":[27],"trapped-ion":[28],"arises":[32],"from":[33,107],"the":[34,66,89,134,144,148],"radio-frequency":[35],"(RF)":[36],"signals":[37],"used":[38],"modulate":[40],"lasers":[41],"for":[42],"ion":[43],"cooling,":[44],"gate":[45],"execution,":[46],"readout.":[48],"In":[49],"these":[50],"processors,":[52],"acousto-optical":[53],"modulators":[54],"(AOMs)":[55],"imprint":[56],"phase":[57],"frequency":[59],"modulations":[60],"onto":[61],"laser":[62],"fields":[63],"interacting":[64],"with":[65],"ions":[67],"implement":[69],"individual":[70],"collective":[72],"unitaries.":[73],"The":[74],"AOMs":[75],"are":[76],"driven":[77],"by":[78],"strong":[79],"RF":[80,105],"signals,":[81],"fraction":[83],"of":[84,88,123,133],"which":[85],"leaks":[86],"out":[87],"device.":[90],"discuss":[92],"general":[93],"strategies":[94],"this":[97,117],"demonstrate":[101],"how":[102],"detect":[104],"leakage":[106,146],"state-of-the-art":[109],"qudit-based":[110],"processor":[112],"using":[113],"off-the-shelf":[114],"components.":[115],"From":[116],"data,":[118],"we":[119,139],"extract":[120],"pulse":[121],"characteristics":[122],"single-ion":[124],"entangling":[126],"gates,":[127],"thereby":[128],"implementing":[129],"proof-of-principle":[131],"exploitation":[132],"novel":[135],"attack":[136],"vector.":[137],"Finally,":[138],"outline":[140],"ways":[141],"mitigate":[143],"information":[145],"through":[147],"presented":[149],"channel.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-10T00:00:00"}