{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134233194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.06081","title":"Lyapunov Probes for Hallucination Detection in Large Foundation Models","display_name":"Lyapunov Probes for Hallucination Detection in Large Foundation Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134233194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.06081"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.06081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102518828","display_name":"Bozhi Luan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luan, Bozhi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128527067","display_name":"Gen Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Gen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113335167","display_name":"Yalan Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin, Yalan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101455523","display_name":"Jifeng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2840-9820"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo, Jifeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128615753","display_name":"Yun Kai Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Yun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128480173","display_name":"Faguo Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Faguo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128422538","display_name":"Hongwei Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng, Hongwei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128611816","display_name":"Wenjun Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Wenjun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128462386","display_name":"Zhaoxin Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan, Zhaoxin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28215998,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.18970000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.18970000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.09139999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.05220000073313713,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lyapunov-function","display_name":"Lyapunov function","score":0.5575000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5094000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monotonic-function","display_name":"Monotonic function","score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamical-systems-theory","display_name":"Dynamical systems theory","score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perturbation","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","score":0.43720000982284546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60640748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2337858","display_name":"Lyapunov function","level":3,"score":0.5575000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5494999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5094000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72169020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194404","display_name":"Monotonic function","level":2,"score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79379906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3174497","display_name":"Dynamical systems theory","level":2,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177918212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803623","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3986000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776829284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341651","display_name":"Lyapunov stability","level":3,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169087156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131593","display_name":"Framing (construction)","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73301696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469984","display_name":"Formalism (music)","level":3,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33962884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378637","display_name":"Dynamical system (definition)","level":3,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.06081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.06081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.06081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.06081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"address":[1],"hallucination":[2,30],"detection":[3],"in":[4,95],"Large":[5,11],"Language":[6,12],"Models":[7,13],"(LLMs)":[8],"and":[9,72,105,119,127],"Multimodal":[10],"(MLLMs)":[14],"by":[15,47],"framing":[16],"the":[17,20,52,65],"problem":[18],"through":[19],"lens":[21],"of":[22,67],"dynamical":[23,40],"systems":[24],"stability":[25,88],"theory.":[26],"Rather":[27],"than":[28],"treating":[29],"as":[31,39],"a":[32,92,107],"straightforward":[33],"classification":[34],"task,":[35],"we":[36,79],"conceptualize":[37],"(M)LLMs":[38],"systems,":[41],"where":[42],"factual":[43,117],"knowledge":[44],"is":[45,58],"represented":[46],"stable":[48,71,116],"equilibrium":[49],"points":[50],"within":[51],"representation":[53],"space.":[54],"Our":[55],"main":[56],"insight":[57],"that":[59,90],"hallucinations":[60],"tend":[61],"to":[62],"arise":[63],"at":[64],"boundaries":[66],"knowledge-transition":[68],"regions":[69,118],"separating":[70],"unstable":[73],"zones.":[74],"To":[75],"capture":[76],"this":[77],"phenomenon,":[78],"propose":[80],"Lyapunov":[81],"Probes:":[82],"lightweight":[83],"networks":[84],"trained":[85],"with":[86],"derivative-based":[87],"constraints":[89],"enforce":[91],"monotonic":[93],"decay":[94],"confidence":[96],"under":[97],"input":[98],"perturbations.":[99],"By":[100],"performing":[101],"systematic":[102],"perturbation":[103],"analysis":[104],"applying":[106],"two-stage":[108],"training":[109],"process,":[110],"these":[111],"probes":[112],"reliably":[113],"distinguish":[114],"between":[115],"unstable,":[120],"hallucination-prone":[121],"regions.":[122],"Experiments":[123],"on":[124],"diverse":[125],"datasets":[126],"models":[128],"demonstrate":[129],"consistent":[130],"improvements":[131],"over":[132],"existing":[133],"baselines.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2026-03-10T00:00:00"}
