{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134070363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.05294","title":"STRUCTUREDAGENT: Planning with AND/OR Trees for Long-Horizon Web Tasks","display_name":"STRUCTUREDAGENT: Planning with AND/OR Trees for Long-Horizon Web Tasks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134070363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.05294"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.05294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128232451","display_name":"ELita Lobo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lobo, ELita","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128264872","display_name":"Xu Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055403026","display_name":"Jingjing Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9776-4805"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng, Jingjing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010864350","display_name":"Nan Xi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7334-7772"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi, Nan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128236055","display_name":"Yang Jiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiao, Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128236461","display_name":"Chirag Agarwal","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agarwal, Chirag","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076656216","display_name":"Yair Zick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0635-6230"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zick, Yair","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128244461","display_name":"Yan Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28810286,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.2160000056028366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.2160000056028366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.20659999549388885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.18250000476837158,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.6866000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planner","display_name":"Planner","score":0.6287999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-database-model","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3391000032424927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.767799973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.6866000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776999362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2349274","display_name":"Planner","level":2,"score":0.6287999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41659998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4104999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144986985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871236","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","level":2,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51823790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504353","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","level":2,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199622910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128326","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction problem","level":3,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114073186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2631895","display_name":"Automated planning and scheduling","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.05294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.05294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.05294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.05294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.710883617401123,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,104],"large":[3],"language":[4],"models":[5],"(LLMs)":[6],"have":[7],"enabled":[8],"agentic":[9],"systems":[10],"for":[11,46,85],"sequential":[12],"decision-making.":[13],"Such":[14],"agents":[15,35],"must":[16],"perceive":[17],"their":[18],"environment,":[19],"reason":[20],"across":[21],"multiple":[22],"time":[23],"steps,":[24],"and":[25,52,88,96,117,128],"take":[26],"actions":[27],"that":[28,55,80,94,133],"optimize":[29],"long-term":[30],"objectives.":[31],"However,":[32],"existing":[33],"web":[34],"struggle":[36],"on":[37,125,137],"complex,":[38],"long-horizon":[39,138],"tasks":[40,140],"due":[41],"to":[42,57,100,142],"limited":[43],"in-context":[44],"memory":[45,92],"tracking":[47],"history,":[48],"weak":[49],"planning":[50,69],"abilities,":[51],"greedy":[53],"behaviors":[54],"lead":[56],"premature":[58],"termination.":[59],"To":[60],"address":[61],"these":[62],"challenges,":[63],"we":[64],"propose":[65],"STRUCTUREDAGENT,":[66],"a":[67,90],"hierarchical":[68,78,112],"framework":[70,108],"with":[71],"two":[72],"core":[73],"components:":[74],"(1)":[75],"an":[76],"online":[77],"planner":[79],"uses":[81],"dynamic":[82],"AND/OR":[83],"trees":[84],"efficient":[86],"search":[87],"(2)":[89],"structured":[91],"module":[93],"tracks":[95],"maintains":[97],"candidate":[98],"solutions":[99],"improve":[101],"constraint":[102],"satisfaction":[103],"information-seeking":[105],"tasks.":[106],"The":[107],"also":[109],"produces":[110],"interpretable":[111],"plans,":[113],"enabling":[114],"easier":[115],"debugging":[116],"facilitating":[118],"human":[119],"intervention":[120],"when":[121],"needed.":[122],"Our":[123],"results":[124],"WebVoyager,":[126],"WebArena,":[127],"custom":[129],"shopping":[130],"benchmarks":[131],"show":[132],"STRUCTUREDAGENT":[134],"improves":[135],"performance":[136],"web-browsing":[139],"compared":[141],"standard":[143],"LLM-based":[144],"agents.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2026-03-07T00:00:00"}
