{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134066141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.05225","title":"AI+HW 2035: Shaping the Next Decade","display_name":"AI+HW 2035: Shaping the Next Decade","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134066141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.05225"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.05225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128219993","display_name":"Deming Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Deming","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128233824","display_name":"Jason Cong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong, Jason","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070731184","display_name":"Azalia Mirhoseini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-0944"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirhoseini, Azalia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128241885","display_name":"Christos Kozyrakis","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kozyrakis, Christos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036312663","display_name":"Subhasish Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5572-5194"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mitra, Subhasish","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128257605","display_name":"Jinjun Xiong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiong, Jinjun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073697812","display_name":"Cliff Young","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young, Cliff","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128227804","display_name":"Anima Anandkumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anandkumar, Anima","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128219648","display_name":"Michael Littman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Littman, Michael","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068718330","display_name":"Aron Kirschen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2193-880X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirschen, Aron","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128232650","display_name":"Sophia Shao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shao, Sophia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056687711","display_name":"Serge Leef","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leef, Serge","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057014407","display_name":"Naresh R. Shanbhag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4323-9164"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanbhag, Naresh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128222907","display_name":"Dejan Milojicic","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milojicic, Dejan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Schulte, Michael","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schulte, Michael","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cauwenberghs, Gert","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cauwenberghs, Gert","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128226347","display_name":"Jerry M. Chow","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chow, Jerry M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128258856","display_name":"Tri Dao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dao, Tri","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128241055","display_name":"Kailash Gopalakrishnan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gopalakrishnan, Kailash","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102707276","display_name":"Richard Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-3411"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho, Richard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008944433","display_name":"Hoshik Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4017-8124"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim, Hoshik","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023857198","display_name":"Kunle Olukotun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8779-0636"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olukotun, Kunle","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011883763","display_name":"David Z. Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5705-2501"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan, David Z.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128235867","display_name":"Mark Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren, Mark","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128260149","display_name":"Dan Roth","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roth, Dan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128226335","display_name":"Aarti Singh","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Singh, Aarti","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128263597","display_name":"Yizhou Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun, Yizhou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128256208","display_name":"Yusu Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Yusu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113433465","display_name":"Yann Lecun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"LeCun, Yann","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128219800","display_name":"Ruchir Puri","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Puri, Ruchir","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":30,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.1850000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.1850000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.13619999587535858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.11720000207424164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5446000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workforce","display_name":"Workforce","score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workforce-development","display_name":"Workforce development","score":0.31540000438690186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5446000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779968149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034851","display_name":"Workforce development","level":3,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191015642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132459","display_name":"Fragmentation (computing)","level":2,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777362162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5594431","display_name":"Grand Challenges","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.05225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.05225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.05225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.05225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4537465274333954,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1,78],"(AI)":[2],"and":[3,34,43,51,57,107,113,127,134,140,142,152,174,185,194,214,229],"hardware":[4,150],"(HW)":[5],"are":[6],"advancing":[7],"at":[8],"unprecedented":[9],"rates,":[10],"yet":[11],"their":[12],"trajectories":[13],"have":[14],"become":[15],"inseparably":[16],"intertwined.":[17],"The":[18,60],"global":[19],"research":[20],"community":[21],"lacks":[22],"a":[23,101,166,239],"cohesive,":[24],"long-term":[25,241],"vision":[26,97],"to":[27,190,233],"strategically":[28],"coordinate":[29],"the":[30,92,199,215],"development":[31],"of":[32,48,62,201],"AI":[33,45,63,172,192],"HW.":[35],"This":[36,96],"fragmentation":[37],"constrains":[38],"progress":[39],"toward":[40],"holistic,":[41],"sustainable,":[42],"adaptive":[44],"systems":[46,179],"capable":[47],"learning,":[49],"reasoning,":[50],"operating":[52],"efficiently":[53],"across":[54],"cloud,":[55,183],"edge,":[56,184],"physical":[58,186],"environments.":[59],"future":[61],"depends":[64],"not":[65],"only":[66],"on":[67,71],"scaling":[68,72,121],"intelligence,":[69],"but":[70],"efficiency,":[73,124],"achieving":[74,165],"exponential":[75],"gains":[76],"in":[77,147,162,169],"per":[79],"joule,":[80],"rather":[81],"than":[82],"unbounded":[83],"compute":[84],"consumption.":[85],"Addressing":[86],"this":[87],"grand":[88],"challenge":[89],"requires":[90],"rethinking":[91],"entire":[93],"computing":[94],"stack.":[95],"paper":[98],"lays":[99],"out":[100],"10-year":[102],"roadmap":[103],"for":[104,171,210,219],"AI+HW":[105,236],"co-design":[106,237],"co-development,":[108],"spanning":[109],"algorithms,":[110],"architectures,":[111],"systems,":[112],"sustainability.":[114],"We":[115,130],"articulate":[116],"key":[117,132],"insights":[118],"that":[119,180,235],"redefine":[120],"around":[122],"energy":[123],"system-level":[125],"integration,":[126],"cross-layer":[128],"optimization.":[129],"identify":[131],"challenges":[133],"opportunities,":[135],"candidly":[136],"assess":[137],"potential":[138],"obstacles":[139],"pitfalls,":[141],"propose":[143],"integrated":[144],"solutions":[145],"grounded":[146],"algorithmic":[148],"innovation,":[149],"advances,":[151],"software":[153],"abstraction.":[154],"Looking":[155],"ahead,":[156],"we":[157,205],"define":[158],"what":[159],"success":[160],"means":[161],"10":[163],"years:":[164],"1000x":[167],"improvement":[168],"efficiency":[170],"training":[173],"inference;":[175],"enabling":[176],"energy-aware,":[177],"self-optimizing":[178],"seamlessly":[181],"span":[182],"AI;":[187],"democratizing":[188],"access":[189],"advanced":[191],"infrastructure;":[193],"embedding":[195],"human-centric":[196],"principles":[197],"into":[198],"design":[200],"intelligent":[202],"systems.":[203],"Finally,":[204],"outline":[206],"concrete":[207],"action":[208],"items":[209],"academia,":[211],"industry,":[212],"government,":[213],"broader":[216],"community,":[217],"calling":[218],"coordinated":[220],"national":[221],"initiatives,":[222],"shared":[223],"infrastructure,":[224],"workforce":[225],"development,":[226],"cross-agency":[227],"collaboration,":[228],"sustained":[230],"public-private":[231],"partnerships":[232],"ensure":[234],"becomes":[238],"unifying":[240],"mission.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-07T00:00:00"}