{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134062427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.04613","title":"Beyond Anthropomorphism: a Spectrum of Interface Metaphors for LLMs","display_name":"Beyond Anthropomorphism: a Spectrum of Interface Metaphors for LLMs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134062427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.04613"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.04613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128251320","display_name":"Jianna So","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"So, Jianna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121092034","display_name":"Connie Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Connie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012157303","display_name":"Sonia K. Murthy","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murthy, Sonia Krishna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.26600000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.26600000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.08609999716281891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10803","display_name":"Innovative Human-Technology Interaction","score":0.06710000336170197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphor","display_name":"Metaphor","score":0.7554000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.6104999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-dissonance","display_name":"Cognitive dissonance","score":0.5425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materiality","display_name":"Materiality (auditing)","score":0.5425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociotechnical-system","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","score":0.5321999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncanny","display_name":"Uncanny","score":0.47049999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.45890000462532043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778311575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534","display_name":"Metaphor","level":2,"score":0.7554000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.6104999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5475000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77513098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209722","display_name":"Cognitive dissonance","level":2,"score":0.5425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123307717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003682","display_name":"Materiality (auditing)","level":2,"score":0.5425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127627568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639361","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","level":2,"score":0.5321999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780362631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633852","display_name":"Uncanny","level":2,"score":0.47049999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101749295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348085","display_name":"Human interface device","level":2,"score":0.4090999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779043874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189643","display_name":"Delusion","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.04613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.04613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.04613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.04613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5721380710601807,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Anthropomorphizing":[0],"conversational":[1],"technology":[2],"is":[3,12,50],"a":[4,46,99,106,122],"natural":[5],"human":[6,146],"tendency.":[7],"Today,":[8],"the":[9,48,82,117],"anthropomorphic":[10,33],"metaphor":[11,49],"overly":[13],"reinforced":[14],"across":[15],"intelligent":[16],"tools.":[17],"Large":[18],"Language":[19],"Models":[20],"(LLMs)":[21],"are":[22,30,60],"particularly":[23],"anthropomorphized":[24],"through":[25],"interface":[26,92,111,137,154],"design.":[27],"While":[28],"metaphors":[29,112,125,133],"inherently":[31],"partial,":[32],"interfaces":[34],"highlight":[35],"similarities":[36],"between":[37,81],"LLMs":[38,56,140],"and":[39,75,90,114,149,160],"humans,":[40],"but":[41],"mask":[42],"crucial":[43],"differences.":[44],"As":[45],"result,":[47],"often":[51],"taken":[52],"literally;":[53],"users":[54,72],"treat":[55],"as":[57,98,105,141],"if":[58],"they":[59],"truly":[61],"human.":[62],"With":[63],"few":[64],"safeguards":[65],"in":[66],"place,":[67],"this":[68],"extreme":[69],"anthropomorphism":[70,97],"drives":[71],"to":[73,129,136],"delusion":[74],"harm.":[76],"Users":[77],"also":[78],"experience":[79],"dissonance":[80],"ethics":[83],"of":[84,124],"using":[85],"LLMs,":[86],"their":[87],"growing":[88],"ubiquity,":[89],"limited":[91],"alternatives.":[93],"We":[94,120],"propose":[95],"repositioning":[96],"design":[100,155],"variable,":[101],"developing":[102],"opposing":[103],"extremes":[104],"theoretical":[107],"framework":[108],"for":[109],"how":[110],"shape":[113],"can":[115],"disrupt":[116],"default":[118],"metaphor.":[119],"introduce":[121,134],"spectrum":[123,152],"from":[126,157],"transparency-driven":[127],"''anti-anthropomorphism''":[128],"uncanny":[130],"''hyper-anthropomorphism''.":[131],"These":[132],"materiality":[135],"metaphors,":[138],"exposing":[139],"sociotechnical":[142],"systems":[143],"shaped":[144],"by":[145],"labor,":[147],"infrastructure,":[148],"data.":[150],"This":[151],"shifts":[153],"away":[156],"optimizing":[158],"usability":[159],"toward":[161],"encouraging":[162],"critical":[163],"engagement.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-03-07T00:00:00"}
