{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133898465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.04304","title":"$V_1$: Unifying Generation and Self-Verification for Parallel Reasoners","display_name":"$V_1$: Unifying Generation and Self-Verification for Parallel Reasoners","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133898465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.04304"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.04304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040353694","display_name":"Harman Preet Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4297-0016"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Singh, Harman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128181851","display_name":"Xiuyu Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Xiuyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120338260","display_name":"Kusha Sareen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sareen, Kusha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124754274","display_name":"Monishwaran Maheswaran","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maheswaran, Monishwaran","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021415958","display_name":"Sijun Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8532-6975"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tan, Sijun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128157756","display_name":"Xiaoxia Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Xiaoxia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124915898","display_name":"Junxiong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Junxiong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094349185","display_name":"Alpay Ariyak","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ariyak, Alpay","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128159886","display_name":"Qingyang Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Qingyang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128164581","display_name":"Samir Khaki","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaki, Samir","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126942968","display_name":"Rishabh Tiwari","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiwari, Rishabh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128185740","display_name":"Long Lian","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lian, Long","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124914149","display_name":"Yucheng Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu, Yucheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128215164","display_name":"Boyi Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Boyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128144412","display_name":"Alane Suhr","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suhr, Alane","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013502032","display_name":"Ben Athiwaratkun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-496X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athiwaratkun, Ben","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128153454","display_name":"Kurt Keutzer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keutzer, Kurt","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":17,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040353694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.2126999944448471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.2126999944448471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.18160000443458557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.1517000049352646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pointwise","display_name":"Pointwise","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.7348999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7060999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.6872000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.4966000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.4812999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4408000111579895}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777984123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9248237","display_name":"Pointwise","level":2,"score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.7348999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7060999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7038999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.6872000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.4966000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.4812999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.46630001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4408000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4171000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.04304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.04304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.04304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.04304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Test-time":[0],"scaling":[1,161,173],"for":[2],"complex":[3],"reasoning":[4,143],"tasks":[5],"shows":[6],"that":[7,58,74,95,114],"leveraging":[8],"inference-time":[9],"compute,":[10],"by":[11,150,186],"methods":[12,162],"such":[13],"as":[14,120],"independently":[15,52],"sampling":[16,33],"and":[17,77,109,123,141,157,178,182],"aggregating":[18],"multiple":[19],"solutions,":[20],"results":[21],"in":[22,193],"significantly":[23,165],"better":[24],"task":[25],"outcomes.":[26],"However,":[27],"a":[28,72,92,117,194],"critical":[29],"bottleneck":[30],"is":[31,34,106],"verification:":[32],"only":[35],"effective":[36],"if":[37],"correct":[38],"solutions":[39],"can":[40],"be":[41],"reliably":[42],"identified":[43],"among":[44],"candidates.":[45],"While":[46],"existing":[47],"approaches":[48],"typically":[49],"evaluate":[50],"candidates":[51],"via":[53],"scalar":[54],"scoring,":[55],"we":[56,69],"demonstrate":[57],"models":[59],"are":[60],"substantially":[61],"stronger":[62],"at":[63],"pairwise":[64,81,124],"self-verification.":[65],"Leveraging":[66],"this":[67],"insight,":[68],"introduce":[70],"$V_1$,":[71],"framework":[73,113],"unifies":[75],"generation":[76,137],"verification":[78,156],"through":[79],"efficient":[80],"ranking.":[82],"$V_1$":[83],"comprises":[84],"two":[85],"components:":[86],"$V_1$-Infer,":[87],"an":[88,111],"uncertainty-guided":[89],"algorithm":[90],"using":[91],"tournament-based":[93],"ranking":[94],"dynamically":[96],"allocates":[97],"self-verification":[98],"compute":[99],"to":[100,130,152,188],"candidate":[101],"pairs":[102],"whose":[103],"relative":[104],"correctness":[105],"most":[107],"uncertain;":[108],"$V_1$-PairRL,":[110],"RL":[112,177,192],"jointly":[115],"trains":[116],"single":[118],"model":[119],"both":[121],"generator":[122],"self-verifier,":[125],"ensuring":[126],"the":[127,131],"verifier":[128],"adapts":[129],"generator's":[132],"evolving":[133],"distribution.":[134],"On":[135],"code":[136],"(LiveCodeBench,":[138],"CodeContests,":[139],"SWE-Bench)":[140],"math":[142],"(AIME,":[144],"HMMT)":[145],"benchmarks,":[146],"$V_1$-Infer":[147],"improves":[148,183],"Pass@1":[149,185],"up":[151,187],"$10%$":[153],"over":[154,175,190],"pointwise":[155,179],"outperforms":[158],"recent":[159],"test-time":[160,172],"while":[163],"being":[164],"more":[166],"efficient.":[167],"Furthermore,":[168],"$V_1$-PairRL":[169],"achieves":[170],"$7$--$9%$":[171],"gains":[174],"standard":[176,191],"joint":[180],"training,":[181],"base":[184],"8.7%":[189],"code-generation":[195],"setting.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-03-06T00:00:00"}
