{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133547895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.02830","title":"Faster, Cheaper, More Accurate: Specialised Knowledge Tracing Models Outperform LLMs","display_name":"Faster, Cheaper, More Accurate: Specialised Knowledge Tracing Models Outperform LLMs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133547895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.02830"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.02830","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.02830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.02830","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057923827","display_name":"Prarthana Bhattacharyya","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhattacharyya, Prarthana","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084282248","display_name":"Joshua Mitton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-4111"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mitton, Joshua","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039681553","display_name":"Ralph Abboud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2332-0504"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abboud, Ralph","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034068210","display_name":"Simon Woodhead","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2192-9797"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woodhead, Simon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.8655999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.8655999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.04960000142455101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.013100000098347664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.7258999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.5874000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4878999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-modelling","display_name":"Predictive modelling","score":0.3896999955177307}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.7258999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.5874000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4878999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4453999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90329073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914232","display_name":"Ask price","level":2,"score":0.32839998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.02830","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.02830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.02830","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.02830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7912600040435791,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Predicting":[0],"future":[1,88],"student":[2,44],"responses":[3,89],"to":[4,23,74,90,104,129,143,171],"questions":[5],"is":[6],"particularly":[7],"valuable":[8],"for":[9,51,96,180,200],"educational":[10,56],"learning":[11],"platforms":[12],"where":[13],"it":[14],"enables":[15],"effective":[16],"interventions.":[17],"One":[18],"of":[19,31,67,159,168,177],"the":[20,29,76,131,175,185],"key":[21],"approaches":[22],"do":[24,101],"this":[25,97,108,112,149],"has":[26],"been":[27],"through":[28],"use":[30],"knowledge":[32],"tracing":[33],"(KT)":[34],"models.":[35],"These":[36],"are":[37,49,157],"small,":[38],"domain-specific,":[39],"temporal":[40],"models":[41,48,106,120,138,164,179],"trained":[42],"on":[43,54,107,148],"question-response":[45],"data.":[46],"KT":[47,105,119,137,163],"optimised":[50],"high":[52],"accuracy":[53,144],"specific":[55],"domains":[57],"and":[58,62,118,126,145,165,184],"have":[59],"fast":[60],"inference":[61,127],"scalable":[63,95],"deployments.":[64],"The":[65],"rise":[66],"Large":[68],"Language":[69],"Models":[70],"(LLMs)":[71],"motivates":[72],"us":[73],"ask":[75],"following":[77],"questions:":[78],"(1)":[79],"How":[80,100],"well":[81],"can":[82],"LLMs":[83,94,102,117,140,156,191],"perform":[84],"at":[85],"predicting":[86],"students'":[87],"questions?":[91],"(2)":[92],"Are":[93],"domain?":[98],"(3)":[99],"compare":[103,115],"domain-specific":[109,150,178],"task?":[110],"In":[111],"paper,":[113],"we":[114,153],"multiple":[116],"across":[121],"predictive":[122],"performance,":[123],"deployment":[124],"cost,":[125],"speed":[128],"answer":[130],"above":[132],"questions.":[133],"We":[134],"show":[135],"that":[136,155,187],"outperform":[139],"with":[141],"respect":[142],"F1":[146],"scores":[147],"task.":[151],"Further,":[152],"demonstrate":[154],"orders":[158,167],"magnitude":[160,169],"slower":[161],"than":[162],"cost":[166],"more":[170],"deploy.":[172],"This":[173],"highlights":[174],"importance":[176],"education":[181],"prediction":[182],"tasks":[183],"fact":[186],"current":[188],"closed":[189],"source":[190],"should":[192],"not":[193],"be":[194],"used":[195],"as":[196],"a":[197],"universal":[198],"solution":[199],"all":[201],"tasks.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-03-05T00:00:00"}