{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133355780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00950","title":"QSpy: A Quantum RAT for Circuit Spying and IP Theft","display_name":"QSpy: A Quantum RAT for Circuit Spying and IP Theft","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133355780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00950"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.00950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00950","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127962795","display_name":"Amal Raj","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raj, Amal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021323754","display_name":"Vivek Balachandran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4847-7150"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balachandran, Vivek","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.17679999768733978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.17679999768733978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.13609999418258667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.10279999673366547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.6305999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5246999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ibm","display_name":"IBM","score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4422000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certificate","display_name":"Certificate","score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-meter-prover","display_name":"Gas meter prover","score":0.3418999910354614}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6862000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.6305999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5508000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5246999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70388272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5968558","display_name":"IBM","level":2,"score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4422000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96865113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2946816","display_name":"Certificate","level":2,"score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159718280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5526353","display_name":"Gas meter prover","level":3,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124148022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122210","display_name":"Quantum circuit","level":5,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558872910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165950","display_name":"Espionage","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.00950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.00950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.817409336566925,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"quantum":[1,10,58,87,94,137,161],"computing":[2,138],"platforms":[3],"increasingly":[4],"adopt":[5],"cloud-based":[6],"execution,":[7],"users":[8],"submit":[9,21],"circuits":[11,59,95],"to":[12,99,134,160],"remote":[13,101],"compilers":[14],"and":[15,75,109,149],"backends,":[16],"trusting":[17],"that":[18,91],"what":[19,24],"they":[20],"is":[22,104],"exactly":[23],"will":[25],"be":[26,97],"run.":[27],"This":[28,140],"shift":[29],"introduces":[30],"new":[31],"trust":[32],"assumptions":[33],"in":[34,60],"the":[35,48,92,130,143],"submission":[36],"pipeline,":[37],"which":[38,103],"remain":[39],"largely":[40],"unexamined.":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"paper,":[44],"we":[45],"present":[46],"QSpy,":[47],"first":[49],"proof-of-concept":[50],"Quantum":[51],"Remote":[52],"Access":[53],"Trojan":[54],"capable":[55,105],"of":[56,106],"intercepting":[57],"transit.":[61],"Once":[62],"deployed":[63],"on":[64,85,125],"a":[65,71,81,100,126],"user's":[66],"machine,":[67],"QSpy":[68],"silently":[69],"installs":[70],"rogue":[72],"certificate":[73],"authority":[74],"proxies":[76],"outgoing":[77],"API":[78],"traffic,":[79],"enabling":[80],"man-in-the-middle":[82],"(MITM)":[83],"attack":[84,131,154],"submitted":[86],"circuits.":[88],"We":[89],"show":[90],"intercepted":[93],"may":[96],"forwarded":[98],"server,":[102],"categorizing,":[107],"storing,":[108],"analyzing":[110],"them,":[111],"without":[112],"disrupting":[113],"execution":[114],"or":[115],"triggering":[116],"authentication":[117],"failures.":[118],"Our":[119],"prototype":[120],"targets":[121],"IBM":[122],"Qiskit":[123],"APIs":[124],"Windows":[127],"system,":[128],"but":[129],"model":[132],"generalizes":[133],"other":[135],"delegated":[136],"workflows.":[139],"work":[141],"highlights":[142],"urgent":[144],"need":[145],"for":[146],"submission-layer":[147],"protections":[148],"demonstrates":[150],"how":[151],"even":[152],"classical":[153],"primitives":[155],"can":[156],"pose":[157],"critical":[158],"threats":[159],"workloads.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-03-04T00:00:00"}