{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133341059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00312","title":"How Well Do Multimodal Models Reason on ECG Signals?","display_name":"How Well Do Multimodal Models Reason on ECG Signals?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133341059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00312"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.00312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127952063","display_name":"Maxwell A. Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Maxwell A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084861727","display_name":"Harish Haresamudram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0545-6504"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haresamudram, Harish","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102026303","display_name":"Catherine Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4148-5492"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Catherine W.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127955548","display_name":"Patrick Langer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Langer, Patrick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127927194","display_name":"Jathurshan Pradeepkumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pradeepkumar, Jathurshan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127973279","display_name":"Wanting Mao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mao, Wanting","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005198272","display_name":"Sunita J. Ferns","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4929-1710"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ferns, Sunita J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045442696","display_name":"Aradhana Verma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8877-2325"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Verma, Aradhana","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127923386","display_name":"Jimeng Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun, Jimeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055786673","display_name":"Paul Schmiedmayer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8607-9148"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schmiedmayer, Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127911115","display_name":"Xin Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Xin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127906077","display_name":"Daniel McDuff","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"McDuff, Daniel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068568859","display_name":"Emily B. Fox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3188-9685"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fox, Emily B.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127932750","display_name":"James M. Rehg","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rehg, James M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":14,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5127952063"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.5351999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.5351999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.12290000170469284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.08290000259876251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-based-reasoning","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","score":0.4810999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reasoning-system","display_name":"Reasoning system","score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-reasoning","display_name":"Automated reasoning","score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-data","display_name":"Raw data","score":0.32820001244544983}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7609000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37335422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888134","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","level":3,"score":0.4810999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89288958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301504","display_name":"Reasoning system","level":2,"score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102993220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387196","display_name":"Description logic","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159032336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488768","display_name":"Non-monotonic logic","level":2,"score":0.32269999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775940519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17067742","display_name":"Logic model","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86827895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098582","display_name":"Opportunistic reasoning","level":4,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20162079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151406","display_name":"Case-based reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83725634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268699","display_name":"Qualitative reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21847791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191081","display_name":"Logical conjunction","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.00312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.00312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.00312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"multimodal":[1],"large":[2],"language":[3],"models":[4],"offer":[5],"a":[6,29,65,139,147],"promising":[7],"solution":[8],"to":[9,52,102,116],"the":[10,23,54,84,90,96,119,124,132,135,154],"\"black":[11],"box\"":[12],"nature":[13],"of":[14,25,57,87,99,134,142,157],"health":[15],"AI":[16],"by":[17],"generating":[18],"interpretable":[19],"reasoning":[20,70,77,125,159],"traces,":[21],"verifying":[22],"validity":[24],"these":[26],"traces":[27],"remains":[28],"critical":[30],"challenge.":[31],"Existing":[32],"evaluation":[33],"methods":[34],"are":[35],"either":[36],"unscalable,":[37],"relying":[38],"on":[39],"manual":[40],"clinician":[41],"review,":[42],"or":[43],"superficial,":[44],"utilizing":[45],"proxy":[46],"metrics":[47],"(e.g.":[48],"QA)":[49],"that":[50,113],"fail":[51],"capture":[53],"semantic":[55],"correctness":[56],"clinical":[58,144],"logic.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"work,":[62],"we":[63,108,130],"introduce":[64],"reproducible":[66],"framework":[67,112],"for":[68],"evaluating":[69],"in":[71,123,146],"ECG":[72],"signals.":[73],"We":[74],"propose":[75],"decomposing":[76],"into":[78],"two":[79],"distinct,":[80],"components:":[81],"(i)":[82],"Perception,":[83,107],"accurate":[85],"identification":[86],"patterns":[88],"within":[89],"raw":[91],"signal,":[92],"and":[93],"(ii)":[94],"Deduction,":[95,129],"logical":[97],"application":[98],"domain":[100],"knowledge":[101],"those":[103],"patterns.":[104],"To":[105,127],"evaluate":[106,128],"employ":[109],"an":[110],"agentic":[111],"generates":[114],"code":[115],"empirically":[117],"verify":[118],"temporal":[120],"structures":[121],"described":[122],"trace.":[126],"measure":[131],"alignment":[133],"model's":[136],"logic":[137],"against":[138],"structured":[140],"database":[141],"established":[143],"criteria":[145],"retrieval-based":[148],"approach.":[149],"This":[150],"dual-verification":[151],"method":[152],"enables":[153],"scalable":[155],"assessment":[156],"\"true\"":[158],"capabilities.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-03-04T00:00:00"}
