{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133352037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00048","title":"MOSAIC: Unveiling the Moral, Social and Individual Dimensions of Large Language Models","display_name":"MOSAIC: Unveiling the Moral, Social and Individual Dimensions of Large Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133352037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00048"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.00048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00048","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092023687","display_name":"Erica Coppolillo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Coppolillo, Erica","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128020183","display_name":"Emilio Ferrara","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ferrara, Emilio","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092023687"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.5041000247001648,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.5041000247001648,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.14920000731945038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.07509999722242355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5806999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality","display_name":"Personality","score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.4097000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.39160001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.3176000118255615}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5806999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.46540001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4097000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.39160001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2865642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378132","display_name":"Big Five personality traits","level":3,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25908422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271716","display_name":"Personality psychology","level":3,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982832299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264892","display_name":"Social justice","level":2,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182263","display_name":"Empathy","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780279448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2559380","display_name":"Altruism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.00048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.00048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7818557620048523,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4],"increasingly":[5],"deployed":[6],"in":[7,38],"sensitive":[8],"applications":[9],"including":[10],"psychological":[11],"support,":[12],"healthcare,":[13],"and":[14,26,44,65,91,107,128,160,184],"high-stakes":[15],"decision-making.":[16],"This":[17],"expansion":[18],"has":[19],"motivated":[20],"growing":[21],"research":[22],"into":[23],"the":[24,80,88,138,145,162,182],"ethical":[25,39,71,177],"moral":[27,104],"foundations":[28,140],"underlying":[29],"LLM":[30],"behavior,":[31],"raising":[32],"critical":[33],"questions":[34,127],"about":[35],"their":[36],"reliability":[37],"reasoning.":[40,72],"However,":[41],"existing":[42],"studies":[43],"benchmarks":[45],"rely":[46],"almost":[47],"exclusively":[48],"on":[49],"Moral":[50],"Foundation":[51],"Theory":[52],"(MFT),":[53],"largely":[54],"neglecting":[55],"other":[56],"relevant":[57],"dimensions":[58,159],"such":[59],"as":[60,131],"social":[61,108],"values,":[62],"personality":[63],"traits,":[64],"individual":[66,92],"characteristics":[67,93],"that":[68,166],"shape":[69],"human":[70],"To":[73],"address":[74],"these":[75],"limitations,":[76],"we":[77],"introduce":[78],"MOSAIC,":[79],"first":[81,163],"large-scale":[82],"benchmark":[83,97,146,186],"designed":[84,114],"to":[85,115,171],"jointly":[86],"assess":[87],"moral,":[89],"social,":[90],"of":[94,141],"LLMs.":[95,142],"The":[96],"comprises":[98],"nine":[99],"validated":[100],"questionnaires":[101],"drawn":[102],"from":[103,150],"philosophy,":[105],"psychology,":[106],"theory,":[109],"alongside":[110],"four":[111],"platform-based":[112],"games":[113],"probe":[116],"morally":[117],"ambiguous":[118],"scenarios.":[119],"In":[120],"total,":[121],"MOSAIC":[122],"includes":[123],"over":[124],"600":[125],"curated":[126],"scenarios,":[129],"released":[130],"a":[132],"ready-to-use,":[133],"extensible":[134],"resource":[135],"for":[136],"evaluating":[137],"behavioral":[139],"We":[143,179],"validate":[144],"across":[147,156],"three":[148],"models":[149],"different":[151],"families,":[152],"demonstrating":[153],"its":[154],"utility":[155],"all":[157],"assessed":[158],"providing":[161],"empirical":[164],"evidence":[165],"MFT":[167],"alone":[168],"is":[169],"insufficient":[170],"comprehensively":[172],"evaluate":[173],"complex":[174],"AI":[175],"systems'":[176],"behavior.":[178],"publicly":[180],"release":[181],"dataset":[183],"our":[185],"Python":[187],"library.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-04T07:09:34.246503","created_date":"2026-03-04T00:00:00"}