{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133223393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23957","title":"The Vocabulary of Flaky Tests in the Context of SAP HANA","display_name":"The Vocabulary of Flaky Tests in the Context of SAP HANA","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133223393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23957"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23957","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127827994","display_name":"Alexander Berndt","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Berndt, Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056615360","display_name":"Zolt\u00e1n Nochta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9146-8968"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nochta, Zolt\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123120732","display_name":"Thomas Bach","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bach, Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5127827994"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.6240000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.6240000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.258899986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.04600000008940697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.715499997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.6085000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identifier","display_name":"Identifier","score":0.6062999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5338000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.5056999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replication","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","score":0.4528999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-data","display_name":"Test data","score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.4196000099182129}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7452999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.715499997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.6085000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154504017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853614","display_name":"Identifier","level":2,"score":0.6062999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5338000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.5056999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12590798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933199","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4528999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4422000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4242999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.39809998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781162219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26250693","display_name":"Replicate","level":2,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199519371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942695","display_name":"Source lines of code","level":3,"score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148027188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907375","display_name":"Unit testing","level":3,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119839945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6545185","display_name":"Unique identifier","level":3,"score":0.263700008392334}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6353247165679932,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background.":[0],"Automated":[1],"test":[2,60,94,220],"execution":[3],"is":[4,214],"an":[5,182],"important":[6],"activity":[7],"to":[8,34,48,79,237,243,259],"gather":[9],"information":[10],"about":[11],"the":[12,35,54,59,93,112,144,164,172,178,187,194,223,244,248,251,287],"quality":[13],"of":[14,114,171,184,203,225,231],"a":[15,42,71,97,138,215,232,277],"software":[16],"project.":[17,100],"So-called":[18],"flaky":[19,50,81],"tests,":[20],"however,":[21],"negatively":[22],"affect":[23],"this":[24],"process.":[25],"Such":[26],"tests":[27,51,82],"fail":[28],"seemingly":[29],"at":[30],"random":[31],"without":[32],"changes":[33],"code":[36,56,90,95,272],"and":[37,83,126,132,150,168,191,205,276],"thus":[38],"do":[39],"not":[40,67,290],"provide":[41],"clear":[43],"signal.":[44],"Previous":[45],"work":[46,106,149],"proposed":[47],"identify":[49,80],"based":[52,87],"on":[53,88,163,169,186,193,210],"source":[55,89,271],"identifiers":[57,91,273],"in":[58,70,92,96,111,222,284],"code.":[61],"So":[62],"far,":[63],"these":[64],"approaches":[65,78],"have":[66,281],"been":[68],"evaluated":[69],"large-scale":[72,98],"industrial":[73,99,234],"setting.":[74],"Aims.":[75],"We":[76],"evaluate":[77,130],"their":[84],"root":[85,217],"causes":[86],"Method.":[101],"First,":[102],"we":[103,118,129,141],"replicate":[104],"previous":[105,148,260],"by":[107],"Pinto":[108],"et":[109],"al.":[110],"context":[113,224],"SAP":[115,155,173,195,226],"HANA.":[116,156,227],"Second,":[117],"assess":[119],"different":[120,240],"feature":[121],"extraction":[122],"techniques,":[123],"namely":[124],"TF-IDF":[125],"TF-IDFC-RF.":[127],"Third,":[128],"CodeBERT":[131],"XGBoost":[133],"as":[134,254,286],"classification":[135],"models.":[136],"For":[137],"sound":[139],"comparison,":[140],"utilize":[142],"both":[143,269],"data":[145,152,166,175,189,197,212],"set":[146,167,190],"from":[147,154],"two":[151],"sets":[153],"Results.":[157],"Our":[158],"replication":[159],"shows":[160],"similar":[161,258],"results":[162,288],"original":[165,179,188],"one":[170],"HANA":[174,196],"sets.":[176],"While":[177],"approach":[180],"yielded":[181],"F1-Score":[183],"0.94":[185],"0.92":[192],"set,":[198],"our":[199],"extensions":[200],"achieve":[201],"F1-Scores":[202],"0.96":[204],"0.99,":[206],"respectively.":[207],"The":[208,229],"reliance":[209],"external":[211],"sources":[213],"common":[216],"cause":[218],"for":[219,250,274,292],"flakiness":[221,275],"Conclusions.":[228],"vocabulary":[230],"large":[233,267],"project":[235],"seems":[236],"be":[238],"slightly":[239],"with":[241,265],"respect":[242],"exact":[245],"terms,":[246,252],"but":[247],"categories":[249],"such":[253],"remote":[255],"dependencies,":[256],"are":[257,289],"empirical":[261],"findings.":[262],"However,":[263],"even":[264],"rather":[266],"F1-Scores,":[268],"finding":[270],"black":[278],"box":[279],"prediction":[280],"limited":[282],"use":[283],"practice":[285],"actionable":[291],"developers.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-03T06:18:10.843953","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}