{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133226234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23940","title":"Benchmarking BERT-based Models for Sentence-level Topic Classification in Nepali Language","display_name":"Benchmarking BERT-based Models for Sentence-level Topic Classification in Nepali Language","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133226234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23940"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127829912","display_name":"Nischal Karki","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karki, Nischal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126969524","display_name":"Bipesh Subedi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subedi, Bipesh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030884718","display_name":"Prakash Poudyal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1691-6684"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Poudyal, Prakash","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015684813","display_name":"Rupak Raj Ghimire","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0427-7002"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghimire, Rupak Raj","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006943206","display_name":"Bal Krishna Bal","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bal, Bal Krishna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23498738,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.42969998717308044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.42969998717308044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.10849999636411667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.10159999877214432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nepali","display_name":"Nepali","score":0.9876999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/devanagari","display_name":"Devanagari","score":0.7218999862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.5724999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.512499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hindi","display_name":"Hindi","score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.32120001316070557}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780068402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33823","display_name":"Nepali","level":2,"score":0.9876999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780144916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38592","display_name":"Devanagari","level":4,"score":0.7218999862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6509000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6485000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.5724999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.512499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519982507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568","display_name":"Hindi","level":2,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778756302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8097","display_name":"Telugu","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778756302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8097","display_name":"Telugu","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6563153266906738,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transformer-based":[0],"models":[1],"such":[2],"as":[3],"BERT":[4,35],"have":[5],"significantly":[6],"advanced":[7],"Natural":[8],"Language":[9],"Processing":[10],"(NLP)":[11],"across":[12,69],"many":[13],"languages.":[14],"However,":[15],"Nepali,":[16],"a":[17,119],"low-resource":[18],"language":[19],"written":[20],"in":[21,41],"Devanagari":[22],"script,":[23],"remains":[24],"relatively":[25],"underexplored.":[26],"This":[27],"study":[28],"benchmarks":[29],"multilingual,":[30],"Indic,":[31],"Hindi,":[32],"and":[33,55,59,73,84,103,126],"Nepali":[34,42,64,128],"variants":[36],"to":[37],"evaluate":[38],"their":[39],"effectiveness":[40],"topic":[43],"classification.":[44],"Ten":[45],"pre-trained":[46],"models,":[47,92],"including":[48],"mBERT,":[49],"XLM-R,":[50],"MuRIL,":[51],"DevBERT,":[52],"HindiBERT,":[53],"IndicBERT,":[54],"NepBERTa,":[56],"were":[57],"fine-tuned":[58],"tested":[60],"on":[61],"the":[62,74,96],"balanced":[63],"dataset":[65],"containing":[66],"25,006":[67],"sentences":[68],"five":[70],"conceptual":[71],"domains":[72],"performance":[75],"was":[76],"evaluated":[77],"using":[78],"accuracy,":[79],"weighted":[80],"precision,":[81],"recall,":[82],"F1-score,":[83],"AUROC":[85],"metrics.":[86],"The":[87],"results":[88],"reveal":[89],"that":[90],"Indic":[91],"particularly":[93],"MuRIL-large,":[94],"achieved":[95],"highest":[97],"F1-score":[98,112],"of":[99,113],"90.60%,":[100],"outperforming":[101],"multilingual":[102],"monolingual":[104],"models.":[105],"NepBERTa":[106],"also":[107],"performed":[108],"competitively":[109],"with":[110],"an":[111],"88.26%.":[114],"Overall,":[115],"these":[116],"findings":[117],"establish":[118],"robust":[120],"baseline":[121],"for":[122],"future":[123],"document-level":[124],"classification":[125],"broader":[127],"NLP":[129],"applications.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}
