{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133217800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23864","title":"RUMAD: Reinforcement-Unifying Multi-Agent Debate","display_name":"RUMAD: Reinforcement-Unifying Multi-Agent Debate","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133217800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23864"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127867840","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Chao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127869275","display_name":"Han Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin, Han","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075793781","display_name":"Huaze Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4463-1766"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tang, Huaze","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127790793","display_name":"Huijing Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin, Huijing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127785466","display_name":"Wenbo Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding, Wenbo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.583,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98808218,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.2883000075817108,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.2883000075817108,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.1768999993801117,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.06390000134706497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5817999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.3903999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.33820000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6924999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5817999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4586000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.436599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.3903999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33719998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74072328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142726","display_name":"Intelligent agent","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104054115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216828","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-agent":[0],"debate":[1,43,78],"(MAD)":[2],"systems":[3],"leverage":[4],"collective":[5],"intelligence":[6],"to":[7,15,29,82,92,151,169],"enhance":[8],"reasoning":[9,85,148,199],"capabilities,":[10],"yet":[11],"existing":[12],"approaches":[13],"struggle":[14],"simultaneously":[16],"optimize":[17],"accuracy,":[18],"consensus":[19],"formation,":[20],"and":[21,97,121,129,155,193],"computational":[22],"efficiency.":[23,98],"Static":[24],"topology":[25,59],"methods":[26],"lack":[27],"adaptability":[28],"task":[30],"complexity":[31],"variations,":[32],"while":[33,110,145],"external":[34],"LLM-based":[35],"coordination":[36],"risks":[37],"introducing":[38],"privileged":[39],"knowledge":[40],"that":[41,55,75,133,174],"compromises":[42],"neutrality.":[44],"This":[45],"work":[46],"presents":[47],"RUMAD":[48,69,87,134,160,189],"(Reinforcement-Unifying":[49],"Multi-Agent":[50],"Debate),":[51],"a":[52,64,71,89,111,191],"novel":[53],"framework":[54],"formulates":[56],"dynamic":[57],"communication":[58,108,177],"control":[60,116],"in":[61,106],"MAD":[62,157],"as":[63,190],"reinforcement":[65],"learning":[66],"(RL)":[67],"problem.":[68],"employs":[70],"content-agnostic":[72],"observation":[73],"scheme":[74],"captures":[76],"high-level":[77],"dynamics":[79],"avoiding":[80],"access":[81],"raw":[83],"agent":[84,119],"content.":[86],"uses":[88],"multi-objective":[90],"reward":[91],"model":[93,154],"solution":[94],"quality,":[95],"cohesion":[96],"A":[99],"PPO-trained":[100],"controller":[101],"dynamically":[102],"adjusts":[103],"edge":[104],"weights":[105],"the":[107,175],"graph,":[109],"dual-threshold":[112],"mechanism":[113],"enables":[114],"fine-grained":[115],"over":[117,143],"both":[118],"activation":[120],"information":[122],"visibility.":[123],"Experimental":[124],"evaluation":[125],"across":[126],"MMLU,":[127],"GSM8K,":[128],"GPQA":[130],"benchmarks":[131],"demonstrates":[132],"achieves":[135],"substantial":[136],"efficiency":[137],"gains,":[138],"reducing":[139],"token":[140],"costs":[141],"by":[142],"80\\%,":[144],"still":[146],"improving":[147],"accuracy":[149],"compared":[150],"single":[152],"LLM":[153],"multiple":[156],"baselines.":[158],"Notably,":[159],"trained":[161],"exclusively":[162],"on":[163],"MMLU":[164],"exhibits":[165],"robust":[166,194],"zero-shot":[167],"generalization":[168],"out-of-domain":[170],"(OOD)":[171],"tasks,":[172],"indicating":[173],"learned":[176],"strategies":[178],"capture":[179],"task-independent":[180],"principles":[181],"of":[182],"effective":[183],"multi-agent":[184,198],"coordination.":[185],"These":[186],"results":[187],"establish":[188],"efficient":[192],"approach":[195],"for":[196],"deploying":[197],"application":[200],"with":[201],"practical":[202],"resource":[203],"constraints.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}