{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133222387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23389","title":"CIll: CTI-Guided Invariant Generation via LLMs for Model Checking","display_name":"CIll: CTI-Guided Invariant Generation via LLMs for Model Checking","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133222387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23389"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23389","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127815262","display_name":"Yuheng Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Su, Yuheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127869242","display_name":"Tianjun Bu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bu, Tianjun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011785079","display_name":"Qiusong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8099-2035"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Qiusong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119809241","display_name":"Yiwei Ci","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ci, Yiwei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095094655","display_name":"Enyuan Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7286-1144"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian, Enyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5127815262"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.5547000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.5547000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.10949999839067459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.06689999997615814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.9125999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.684499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterexample","display_name":"Counterexample","score":0.6675000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.6054999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-meter-prover","display_name":"Gas meter prover","score":0.2924000024795532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.9125999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.684499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.6675000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.6054999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159718280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5526353","display_name":"Gas meter prover","level":3,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206880738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431667","display_name":"Automated theorem proving","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23389","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23389","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23389","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23389","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inductive":[0],"invariants":[1,11,30,53,75,103,155,162,183,215],"are":[2,163,249],"crucial":[3],"in":[4,36,242],"model":[5,77],"checking,":[6,94,114],"yet":[7],"generating":[8],"effective":[9],"inductive":[10,127],"automatically":[12,196],"and":[13,28,85,138,149,168,171,199,213,222,235,244],"efficiently":[14],"remains":[15],"challenging.":[16],"A":[17],"common":[18],"approach":[19],"is":[20,42],"to":[21,25,44,73,98,141,152,190],"iteratively":[22],"analyze":[23],"counterexamples":[24],"induction":[26],"(CTIs)":[27],"derive":[29],"that":[31,70,156],"rule":[32],"them":[33,140],"out,":[34],"as":[35,202],"IC3.":[37],"However,":[38],"IC3's":[39],"clause-based":[40],"learning":[41],"limited":[43],"a":[45,56,67,109,203],"CNF":[46],"representation.":[47],"For":[48],"some":[49],"designs,":[50],"the":[51,89,101,118,123,129,142,147,150,158,172,176,181,193,252],"resulting":[52],"may":[54],"require":[55],"large":[57],"number":[58],"of":[59,238],"clauses,":[60],"which":[61],"hurts":[62],"scalability.":[63],"We":[64],"present":[65],"CIll,":[66],"CTI-guided":[68],"framework":[69,234],"leverages":[71],"LLMs":[72],"synthesize":[74],"for":[76,88,195],"checking.":[78],"CIll":[79,95,115,135,186,209,228],"alternates":[80],"between":[81],"(bounded)":[82],"correctness":[83,93,167],"checking":[84,87],"inductiveness":[86,113,133,169],"generated":[90,102,119,182],"invariants.":[91],"In":[92,112,225],"uses":[96,200],"BMC":[97],"validate":[99],"whether":[100,117],"hold":[104],"on":[105],"reachable":[106],"states":[107],"within":[108,232],"given":[110],"bound.":[111],"checks":[116],"invariants,":[120,198],"together":[121],"with":[122,192],"target":[124],"property,":[125],"become":[126],"under":[128],"accumulated":[130],"strengthening.":[131],"When":[132],"fails,":[134],"extracts":[136],"CTIs":[137],"provides":[139],"LLM.":[143],"The":[144,160],"LLM":[145,194],"inspects":[146],"design":[148],"CTI":[151],"propose":[153],"new":[154],"invalidate":[157],"CTIs.":[159],"proposed":[161],"then":[164],"re-validated":[165],"through":[166],"checks,":[170],"loop":[173],"continues":[174],"until":[175],"original":[177],"property":[178],"strengthened":[179],"by":[180,217,258],"becomes":[184],"inductive.":[185],"also":[187],"employs":[188],"IC3":[189],"work":[191],"discovering":[197],"K-Induction":[201],"complementary":[204],"engine.":[205],"To":[206],"improve":[207],"performance,":[208],"applies":[210],"local":[211],"proof":[212],"reuses":[214],"learned":[216],"IC3,":[218],"reducing":[219],"redundant":[220],"search":[221],"accelerating":[223],"convergence.":[224],"our":[226],"evaluation,":[227],"proved":[229,250],"full":[230,236],"compliance":[231],"RISCV-Formal":[233],"accuracy":[237],"all":[239],"non-M":[240],"instructions":[241],"NERV":[243],"PicoRV32,":[245],"whereas":[246],"M":[247],"extensions":[248],"against":[251],"RVFI":[253],"ALTOPS":[254],"substitute":[255],"semantics":[256],"provided":[257],"RISCV-Formal.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}