{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131875328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.22488","title":"Explainability-Aware Evaluation of Transfer Learning Models for IoT DDoS Detection Under Resource Constraints","display_name":"Explainability-Aware Evaluation of Transfer Learning Models for IoT DDoS Detection Under Resource Constraints","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131875328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.22488"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.22488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127142542","display_name":"Nelly Elsayed","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elsayed, Nelly","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5127142542"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17868096,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.4090999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.4090999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.09319999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.07779999822378159,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.914900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.597599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5285000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5206999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.5133000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5042999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.4821999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.3978999853134155}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.914900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.597599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.564300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5285000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5206999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5160999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.5133000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5042999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.4821999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.3824000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.22488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.22488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.22488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.22488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6257982850074768,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distributed":[0],"denial-of-service":[1],"(DDoS)":[2],"attacks":[3],"threaten":[4],"the":[5,59,113,132],"availability":[6],"of":[7,9,46,134],"Internet":[8],"Things":[10],"(IoT)":[11],"infrastructures,":[12],"particularly":[13],"under":[14],"resource-constrained":[15],"deployment":[16],"conditions.":[17],"Although":[18],"transfer":[19],"learning":[20,144],"models":[21,145],"have":[22],"shown":[23],"promising":[24],"detection":[25,57,100],"accuracy,":[26],"their":[27],"reliability,":[28,137],"computational":[29],"feasibility,":[30],"and":[31,62,80,84,89,95,106,116,138],"interpretability":[32,85,117],"in":[33],"operational":[34],"environments":[35],"remain":[36],"insufficiently":[37],"explored.":[38],"This":[39],"study":[40],"presents":[41],"an":[42,63,122],"explainability-aware":[43],"empirical":[44],"evaluation":[45,86],"seven":[47],"pre-trained":[48],"convolutional":[49],"neural":[50],"network":[51],"architectures":[52,97],"for":[53,126,146],"multi-class":[54],"IoT":[55,147],"DDoS":[56,148],"using":[58,87],"CICDDoS2019":[60],"dataset":[61],"image-based":[64],"traffic":[65],"representation.":[66],"The":[67,129],"analysis":[68],"integrates":[69],"performance":[70,101],"metrics,":[71],"reliability-oriented":[72],"statistics":[73],"(MCC,":[74],"Youden":[75],"Index,":[76],"confidence":[77],"intervals),":[78],"latency":[79],"training":[81],"cost":[82],"assessment,":[83],"Grad-CAM":[88],"SHAP.":[90],"Results":[91],"indicate":[92],"that":[93],"DenseNet":[94],"MobileNet-based":[96],"achieve":[98],"strong":[99],"while":[102],"demonstrating":[103],"superior":[104],"reliability":[105,115],"compact,":[107],"class-consistent":[108],"attribution":[109],"patterns.":[110],"DenseNet169":[111],"offers":[112],"strongest":[114],"alignment,":[118],"whereas":[119],"MobileNetV3":[120],"provides":[121],"effective":[123],"latency-accuracy":[124],"trade-off":[125],"fog-level":[127],"deployment.":[128],"findings":[130],"emphasize":[131],"importance":[133],"combining":[135],"performance,":[136],"explainability":[139],"criteria":[140],"when":[141],"selecting":[142],"deep":[143],"detection.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-02-28T00:00:00"}