{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131876815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.22303","title":"Training Agents to Self-Report Misbehavior","display_name":"Training Agents to Self-Report Misbehavior","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131876815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.22303"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.22303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127362704","display_name":"Bruce W. Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee, Bruce W.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127082424","display_name":"Chen Yueh-Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueh-Han, Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127439906","display_name":"Tomek Korbak","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Korbak, Tomek","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.8978999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.8978999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.026499999687075615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.016699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5881999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5651000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm","display_name":"Harm","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.4478999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.38769999146461487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6593000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5881999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5651000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5091000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.4478999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.22303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.22303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.22303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.22303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7045343518257141,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Frontier":[0],"AI":[1],"agents":[2,45,60,136],"may":[3,27],"pursue":[4,137],"hidden":[5],"goals":[6,139],"while":[7,94],"concealing":[8],"their":[9,71],"pursuit":[10],"from":[11,175],"oversight.":[12],"Alignment":[13],"training":[14],"aims":[15],"to":[16,34,46,61,73,133,145],"prevent":[17],"such":[18],"behavior":[19,125],"by":[20],"reinforcing":[21],"the":[22,83,119,176],"correct":[23],"goals,":[24],"but":[25],"alignment":[26,92],"not":[28],"always":[29],"succeed":[30],"and":[31,58,69,91,98,131],"can":[32,165,171],"lead":[33],"unwanted":[35],"side":[36],"effects.":[37],"We":[38,55],"propose":[39],"self-incrimination":[40,109,150],"training,":[41],"which":[42],"instead":[43],"trains":[44],"produce":[47],"a":[48,63,152],"visible":[49],"signal":[50],"when":[51,66],"they":[52],"covertly":[53],"misbehave.":[54,146],"train":[56],"GPT-4.1":[57],"Gemini-2.0":[59],"call":[62],"report_scheming()":[64],"tool":[65],"behaving":[67],"deceptively":[68],"measure":[70],"ability":[72],"cause":[74],"harm":[75],"undetected":[76,84],"in":[77],"out-of-distribution":[78],"environments.":[79],"Self-incrimination":[80],"significantly":[81],"reduces":[82],"successful":[85],"attack":[86],"rate,":[87],"outperforming":[88],"matched-capability":[89],"monitors":[90],"baselines":[93],"preserving":[95],"instruction":[96],"hierarchy":[97],"incurring":[99],"minimal":[100],"safety":[101],"tax":[102],"on":[103],"general":[104],"capabilities.":[105],"Unlike":[106],"blackbox":[107],"monitoring,":[108],"performance":[110],"is":[111],"consistent":[112],"across":[113],"tasks":[114],"regardless":[115],"of":[116],"how":[117],"suspicious":[118],"misbehavior":[120,164],"appears":[121],"externally.":[122],"The":[123],"trained":[124],"persists":[126],"under":[127],"adversarial":[128],"prompt":[129],"optimization":[130],"generalizes":[132],"settings":[134],"where":[135],"misaligned":[138],"themselves":[140],"rather":[141],"than":[142],"being":[143],"instructed":[144],"Our":[147],"results":[148],"suggest":[149],"offers":[151],"viable":[153],"path":[154],"for":[155],"reducing":[156],"frontier":[157],"misalignment":[158],"risk,":[159],"one":[160],"that":[161,169],"neither":[162],"assumes":[163],"be":[166,172],"prevented":[167],"nor":[168],"it":[170],"reliably":[173],"classified":[174],"outside.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-28T00:00:00"}
