{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131860098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.22250","title":"A Lightweight Defense Mechanism against Next Generation of Phishing Emails using Distilled Attention-Augmented BiLSTM","display_name":"A Lightweight Defense Mechanism against Next Generation of Phishing Emails using Distilled Attention-Augmented BiLSTM","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131860098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.22250"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.22250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Eskandarian, Morteza","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eskandarian, Morteza","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127189072","display_name":"Mahdi Rabbani","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rabbani, Mahdi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115645781","display_name":"Arun Kaniyamattam","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaniyamattam, Arun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050849301","display_name":"Fatemeh Nejati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8991-7442"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nejati, Fatemeh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mirani, Mansur","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirani, Mansur","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062697540","display_name":"Gunjan Piya","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piya, Gunjan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127234181","display_name":"Igor Opushnyev","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Opushnyev, Igor","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126982872","display_name":"Ali A. Ghorbani","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghorbani, Ali A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125738921","display_name":"Sajjad Dadkhah","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dadkhah, Sajjad","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.7822999954223633,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.7822999954223633,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.041200000792741776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.016699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5889000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalization","display_name":"Personalization","score":0.4699000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.3783999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deception","display_name":"Deception","score":0.33160001039505005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7901999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5889000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.4699000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.3783999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187713609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465461","display_name":"Default gateway","level":2,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80519477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532236","display_name":"Scenario testing","level":3,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.22250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.22250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.22250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.22250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5705788731575012}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,47,71,93,132,174,201],"current":[1],"generation":[2],"of":[3,41,140,149,181],"large":[4],"language":[5],"models":[6],"produces":[7],"sophisticated":[8],"social-engineering":[9],"content":[10],"that":[11,81],"bypasses":[12],"standard":[13],"text":[14],"screening":[15],"systems":[16],"in":[17,32,120,179],"business":[18],"communication":[19],"platforms.":[20],"Our":[21],"proposed":[22],"solution":[23],"for":[24,213,219],"mail":[25],"gateway":[26],"and":[27,43,85,103,106,111,123,128,160,169,183,197,210,216],"endpoint":[28],"deception":[29],"detection":[30],"operates":[31],"a":[33,56,112,136,187],"privacy-protective":[34],"manner":[35],"while":[36,163,185],"handling":[37],"the":[38,145],"performance":[39,119,178,205],"requirements":[40],"network":[42],"mobile":[44],"security":[45,211],"systems.":[46],"MobileBERT":[48],"teacher":[49],"receives":[50],"fine-tuning":[51],"before":[52],"its":[53],"transformation":[54],"into":[55],"BiLSTM":[57],"model":[58,134,172],"with":[59,67,78],"multi-head":[60],"attention":[61],"which":[62,100,190],"maintains":[63,135],"semantic":[64],"discrimination":[65],"only":[66],"4.5":[68],"million":[69],"parameters.":[70],"hybrid":[72],"dataset":[73],"contains":[74],"human-written":[75],"messages":[76],"together":[77],"LLM-generated":[79],"paraphrases":[80],"use":[82],"masking":[83],"techniques":[84],"personalization":[86],"methods":[87,218],"to":[88,117,144],"enhance":[89],"modern":[90],"attack":[91],"resistance.":[92],"evaluation":[94],"system":[95,175,204],"uses":[96],"five":[97],"testing":[98],"protocols":[99],"include":[101],"human-only":[102],"LLM-only":[104],"tests":[105,110],"two":[107],"cross-distribution":[108],"transfer":[109],"production-like":[113],"mixed":[114],"traffic":[115,130,208],"test":[116],"assess":[118],"native":[121],"environments":[122],"across":[124],"different":[125],"distribution":[126],"types":[127],"combined":[129],"scenarios.":[131],"distilled":[133],"weighted-F1":[137],"score":[138],"difference":[139],"1-2.5":[141],"points":[142],"compared":[143],"mixture":[146],"split":[147],"results":[148],"strong":[150],"transformer":[151],"baselines":[152],"including":[153],"ModernBERT,":[154],"DeBERTaV3-base,":[155],"T5-base,":[156],"DeepSeek-R1":[157],"Distill":[158],"Qwen-1.5B":[159],"Phi-4":[161],"mini":[162],"achieving":[164],"80-95\\%":[165],"faster":[166],"inference":[167],"times":[168],"95-99\\%":[170],"smaller":[171],"sizes.":[173],"demonstrates":[176],"excellent":[177],"terms":[180],"accuracy":[182],"latency":[184],"maintaining":[186],"compact":[188],"size":[189],"enables":[191],"real-time":[192],"filtering":[193],"without":[194],"acceleration":[195],"hardware":[196],"supports":[198],"policy-based":[199],"management.":[200],"paper":[202],"examines":[203],"under":[206],"high":[207],"conditions":[209],"measures":[212],"privacy":[214],"protection":[215],"implementation":[217],"operational":[220],"deployment.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-02-28T00:00:00"}