{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131702487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.21320","title":"Tool-R0: Self-Evolving LLM Agents for Tool-Learning from Zero Data","display_name":"Tool-R0: Self-Evolving LLM Agents for Tool-Learning from Zero Data","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131702487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.21320"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.21320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038735910","display_name":"Emre Can Acikgoz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Acikgoz, Emre Can","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126947167","display_name":"Cheng Qian","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian, Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082779019","display_name":"Jonas H\u00fcbotter","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H\u00fcbotter, Jonas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126934563","display_name":"Heng Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji, Heng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126886530","display_name":"Dilek Hakkani-T\u00fcr","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hakkani-T\u00fcr, Dilek","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025095313","display_name":"Gokhan T\u00fcr","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tur, Gokhan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038735910"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.12240000069141388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.12240000069141388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.10350000113248825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.10100000351667404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6015999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scratch","display_name":"Scratch","score":0.4797999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.45809999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.45080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.4332999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.39809998869895935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7045000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6015999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.546500027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781235140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275131","display_name":"Scratch","level":2,"score":0.4797999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.45809999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.45080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4332999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.39809998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019612716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730920","display_name":"Problem solver","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73301696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469984","display_name":"Formalism (music)","level":3,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13687954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826847","display_name":"Autonomous agent","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.21320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.21320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.21320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.21320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4],"becoming":[5],"the":[6,87,107,112,147,157],"foundation":[7],"for":[8,28,70],"autonomous":[9],"agents":[10,75,169],"that":[11,127,140],"can":[12],"use":[13],"tools":[14],"to":[15,57,115],"solve":[16,116],"complex":[17],"tasks.":[18],"Reinforcement":[19],"learning":[20],"(RL)":[21],"has":[22],"emerged":[23],"as":[24],"a":[25,54,82,93,96,124],"common":[26],"approach":[27],"injecting":[29],"such":[30],"agentic":[31],"capabilities,":[32],"but":[33],"typically":[34],"under":[35,81,156],"tightly":[36],"controlled":[37],"training":[38,71],"setups.":[39],"It":[40],"often":[41],"depends":[42],"on":[43,135],"carefully":[44],"constructed":[45],"task-solution":[46],"pairs":[47],"and":[48,95,111,150,175],"substantial":[49],"human":[50],"supervision,":[51],"which":[52],"creates":[53,123],"fundamental":[55],"obstacle":[56],"open-ended":[58],"self-evolution":[59],"toward":[60],"superintelligent":[61],"systems.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64],"paper,":[65],"we":[66],"propose":[67],"Tool-R0":[68,91,141],"framework":[69],"general":[72],"purpose":[73],"tool-calling":[74,154],"from":[76,86],"scratch":[77],"with":[78,98,118],"self-play":[79,167],"RL,":[80],"zero-data":[83],"assumption.":[84],"Initialized":[85],"same":[88,158],"base":[89,148],"LLM,":[90],"co-evolves":[92],"Generator":[94],"Solver":[97],"complementary":[99],"rewards:":[100],"one":[101],"proposes":[102],"targeted":[103],"challenging":[104],"tasks":[105,131],"at":[106],"other's":[108],"competence":[109],"frontier":[110],"other":[113],"learns":[114],"them":[117],"real-world":[119],"tool":[120],"calls.":[121],"This":[122],"self-evolving":[125],"cycle":[126],"requires":[128],"no":[129],"pre-existing":[130],"or":[132],"datasets.":[133],"Evaluation":[134],"different":[136],"tool-use":[137],"benchmarks":[138],"show":[139],"yields":[142],"92.5":[143],"relative":[144],"improvement":[145],"over":[146],"model":[149],"surpasses":[151],"fully":[152],"supervised":[153],"baselines":[155],"setting.":[159],"Our":[160],"work":[161],"further":[162],"provides":[163],"empirical":[164],"insights":[165],"into":[166],"LLM":[168],"by":[170],"analyzing":[171],"co-evolution,":[172],"curriculum":[173],"dynamics,":[174],"scaling":[176],"behavior.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-02-27T00:00:00"}