{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131383480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.20648","title":"CARE: An Explainable Computational Framework for Assessing Client-Perceived Therapeutic Alliance Using Large Language Models","display_name":"CARE: An Explainable Computational Framework for Assessing Client-Perceived Therapeutic Alliance Using Large Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131383480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.20648"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.20648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126810801","display_name":"Anqi Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li, Anqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126845386","display_name":"Chenxiao Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Chenxiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126828267","display_name":"Yu Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu, Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126815886","display_name":"Renjun Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Renjun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126831350","display_name":"Lizhi Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma, Lizhi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099566257","display_name":"Zhenzhong Lan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lan, Zhenzhong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126810801"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.42179998755455017,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.42179998755455017,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.2838999927043915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10214","display_name":"Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications","score":0.0414000004529953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alliance","display_name":"Alliance","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.5389000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-model","display_name":"Computational model","score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/therapeutic-relationship","display_name":"Therapeutic relationship","score":0.33559998869895935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778431023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878249","display_name":"Alliance","level":2,"score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.5389000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5302000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.43959999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778633572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3424027","display_name":"Therapeutic relationship","level":2,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171686336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532085","display_name":"Topic model","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.20648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.20648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.20648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.20648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Client":[0],"perceptions":[1,14],"of":[2],"the":[3,64,80,93],"therapeutic":[4],"alliance":[5,53,147],"are":[6,21],"critical":[7],"for":[8,160],"counseling":[9,60,135],"effectiveness.":[10],"Accurately":[11],"capturing":[12],"these":[13],"remains":[15],"challenging,":[16],"as":[17,156],"traditional":[18],"post-session":[19],"questionnaires":[20],"burdensome":[22],"and":[23,36,55,67,90,98,127,149],"often":[24],"delayed,":[25],"while":[26],"existing":[27],"computational":[28],"approaches":[29],"produce":[30],"coarse":[31],"scores,":[32],"lack":[33],"interpretable":[34,57],"rationales,":[35,72,122],"fail":[37],"to":[38,49,131],"model":[39],"holistic":[40],"session":[41],"context.":[42],"We":[43],"present":[44],"CARE,":[45],"an":[46,157],"LLM-based":[47],"framework":[48],"automatically":[50],"predict":[51],"multi-dimensional":[52],"scores":[54],"generate":[56],"rationales":[58],"from":[59],"transcripts.":[61],"Built":[62],"on":[63],"CounselingWAI":[65],"dataset":[66],"enriched":[68],"with":[69,79,107],"9,516":[70],"expert-curated":[71],"CARE":[73,86,116,137],"is":[74],"fine-tuned":[75],"using":[76],"rationale-augmented":[77],"supervision":[78,111],"LLaMA-3.1-8B-Instruct":[81],"backbone.":[82],"Experiments":[83],"show":[84],"that":[85],"outperforms":[87],"leading":[88],"LLMs":[89],"substantially":[91],"reduces":[92],"gap":[94],"between":[95],"counselor":[96],"evaluations":[97],"client-perceived":[99],"alliance,":[100],"achieving":[101],"over":[102],"70%":[103],"higher":[104],"Pearson":[105],"correlation":[106],"client":[108],"ratings.":[109],"Rationale-augmented":[110],"further":[112],"improves":[113],"predictive":[114],"accuracy.":[115],"also":[117],"produces":[118],"high-quality,":[119],"contextually":[120],"grounded":[121],"validated":[123],"by":[124],"both":[125],"automatic":[126],"human":[128],"evaluations.":[129],"Applied":[130],"real-world":[132],"Chinese":[133],"online":[134],"sessions,":[136],"uncovers":[138],"common":[139],"alliance-building":[140],"challenges,":[141],"illustrates":[142],"how":[143],"interaction":[144],"patterns":[145],"shape":[146],"development,":[148],"provides":[150],"actionable":[151],"insights,":[152],"demonstrating":[153],"its":[154],"potential":[155],"AI-assisted":[158],"tool":[159],"supporting":[161],"mental":[162],"health":[163],"care.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-02-26T00:00:00"}